पुस्तक III

Emerald, ejdVa Gem, ef.k (m)

Gold lqo..ka, Bullion, fgj××ka Iron, v;ks_ dkyk;la Lapis, lazuli, uhyef.k (m) Lead, friq (nt)

Pearl, eqÙkk Plumbago, vCHkda Quick silver, ikjnks Ruby, yksfgr˜ïks Sapphire, bUnuhyks Silver, jtra Topaz, iQqLljkxks

15. The Universe, yksd/krq Cloud, oykgdks Cold, lhra Comet, /wedsrq (m)

Constellation, uD[kÙka Darkness, vU/dkjks Dew, rqfgua Eclipse of the moon, pUnXxkgks Eclipse of the sun, lqfj;Xxkgks Fire, vfXx (m)

Hail-storm, djdk Heat, m.ga Heaven, nsoyksdks_ lXxks Hell, fuj;ks Ice, fgea Light, vkyksdks Lightening, foTtq (f)

Meteor, mØïkikrks Moon, pUnks; moon-beams pfUnda Planet, xgrkjk (f)

Rain, es?kks] oLla] oqfVò Rain-bow, bUn/uq (nt)

Rising of the moon, pUnksn; Rising of the sun, lqfj;ksn;ks Rotation, ifjCHke.ka Sky, vkdklks] uHka Snow, rqfgua Snow-storm, fgeikrks Summer, fxEgku] funk Thunder, Fkfura; Thunder-bolt vlfu (f) Water, tya] mnda Wind, okrq_ ok;q (m)

World, yksdks Zodiac, jkflpØïa

16. The earth, iBoha Antartic zone, fourdks Arctic zone, djohdks Cave, xqgk City, uxja] iqja Content, egknhiks Country, jVòa] tuin Desert, dUrkjks Dust, /wfy (f)

Empire, vf/jTta Field, [ksÙka Forest, oua] vj××ka Garden, vkjkeks] mÕ;kua Gravel, lD[kjk Ground, Hkwfe (f)

Island, nhiks Kingdom, jTta Land, Fkya Market town, fuxeks Mine, vkdjks Metropolis, jkt/kuh (f), vXxuxja Mountain, iCcrks_ Peak, fxfjfl[kja Mud, i˜ïks] dyya

North-pole, lqnLluks North-temperate zone, bZl/jks Path, eXxks Precipice, iiQkrks Province, inslks_ Sub-province, miinslks Rugged land t˜ıyks Rock, lsyks Sand, fldrk] okfydk Site for a building, ?kjoRFkq Soil, efÙkdk South-pole vLld..kks South temperate zone, usfeU/jks Stone, flyk] iklk.kks Swamp, vuqiks Table-land, lkuq (m)

Valley, miPpdk Village, xkeks

17. Water-Storage and Water-ways, tykl;k] tyeXxk p Bank (River’s), rhja] dwya_ across, ikja; Near, vksja Bathing place, ugkufrRFka Billow, dŠksyks Boat, nks.kh (f), ukok Ship’s boat, iksVks Bubble, cqCcqya Canal, tyekfrdk Cause, [kqídnks.kh (f)

Cascade, fuT>jks Captain of a ship; fu;edks Conch l…ks Cyclone, osjEHkokrks Engineer of a ship, ;fUrdks Drain, ifj[kk Favourable wind, vuqdwyokrks Ferry, frRFka Fish, ehuks; Fish-hook, ofyla Fish-trap, dqfeua Flood, vks?kks; Great flood, egks?kks Foam, iQs.ka Lagoon, yks.kh (f)

Lake, ljks] rGkdks] Small lake iQŠya Lotus-pond, vEcqftuh (f) Man-of-war ;q…ukok Mast, dwidks Merchant-vessel, okf.ktukok Net, tkya Oar, vkfjÙka Ocean, leqíks] lkxjks Opposite wind, fo:…okrks Oyster, flfIidk Pilot, d..k/kjks Pond, iksD[kjk.kh (f)

Pool, lksCHkks; Rocky-pool lks.Mh Raft, mGqEiks River, unh (f)

Mouth of a river, unheq[ka Rudder, xksVfolks Sail, ydkjks Sailor, ukfodks Salt-water, [kkjksnda Ship, ukok Shore, osyk Suice, tyfuXxeks Stream, dqUunh (f)

Submarine, vUrksndukok Tank, okih (f), tykl;ks Torrent, ty/kjk Vallisneria, lsokyks Voyage, leqíxeua Water-drop, Fksoks Water-fall, fuT>jks Wave, mfe (f); rj˜ıks Well, dwiks Whirl pool, vkoVðks Yatch, ydkjukok

Bank, /ukxkja Barber’s shop, ugkfirlkyk Barrack, ;ks/fuoklks Carpenter’s shed, oVòdhlkyk Cemetery, lqlkua Church, nsok;rua College, foTtky;ks Factory, dEeUrlkyk Flower garden, iq"iQkjkeks Granary, /××kkxkja Hospital, vkjksX;lkyk Hotel, Hkkstukxkja Jail, cU/ukxkja Law-court, fofuPN;lkyk_ vf/dj.kVòkua Lunatic asylum, mEeÙkky;ks Market, vki.kks Orchard, iQykjkeks Park, mÕ;kua Pharmacy, HkslTtkxja Photographic Studio, Nk;k:ilkyk Playground, dsfGe.Mya Pleasure-garden, mÕ;kua Police-station, HkVkxkja Post-office, lUnslkxkja Pottery, dqEHkdkjlkyk Printing office, eqí˜ïuky;ks Prison, dkjk Race-course, vLle.Mya Railway-station, /wejFkfuoÙkua Rest-house, foLlkelkyk Sanitorium, lksfRFklkyk School, ikBlkyk Smithy, dEHkkjlkyk Surgery, lŠdÙkky;ks Tavern, ikudfUnja Technical school, flIik;rua Temple, fogkjks_ vLleks Theatre, uPplkyk University, fuf[kyfoTtky;ks Warehouse, Hk.Mkxkja Weaving hall, isldkjlkyk

18. Public Places and such other buildings in a country, egktfudVòkukfu

19. Things and persons in a city, ukxfjdoRFkwuh iqXxyk p Bastion, míkiks Chosen beauty of a town, uxjlksfHkuh (f) City-gate, uxj}kja City-wall, ikdkjks Citizen, ukxfjdks Clock-tower, ?kfVdkFkEHkks Council-chamber, efUrlHkk Crossing of roads, pPpja Customs office, djXxkgky;ks Education office, vT>kiufdPpky;ks Gate-way, cfg}kja Inner-city, vUrsiqja Light house, inhikxkjks Mayor, uxjxqfVðdks Moat, fnfX?dk] ifj[kk Municipality, uxjlHkk]

Members of Municipality uxjlfHkdks Museum, vCHkqroRFkqfup;ks Palace, jktefUnja Royal-bed, flfjl;ua Royal-chamber, fljhxCHkks Royal-garden, jktqÕ;kua

Royal-treasury, jktdkslks Scavanger, uxjlks/dks Secretariat, egkys[kdky;ks State elephant, e˜ıygRFkh State-chariot, jktjFkks State horse, e˜ıyLlks Street, ohf/_ jPNk Town-hall, lUFkkxkjks War-office, ;q…&fdPpky;ks Watch-tower, vVðkydks

20. Government, jTtikyua Ally, feÙklsuk Ammunition, ;q…ksidj.kkuh Archer, /uq…jks Armour, dopks] lUukgks Armoured, lUu… (pp)

Army, ;q…lsuk Army of elephants, gfRFklsuk Hostile army, lÙkqlsuk Army of troops, lsukC;qgks Arrow, ljks_ d.Mks Artillery, ukfG;Urlsuk Banner, irkdk Battalion, v.khda Battle, ;q…a Battle axe, dqBkjh (f)

Battle field, ;q…Hkwfe (f) Baynet, egkNwfjdk Body-gaurd, v.khdVks Bow, /uq (nt)

Cavalry, vLllsuk Camp, [kU/kokjks Cannon, egkvfXxukGh (m) Chamberlain, flfjl;uikydks Constable, jktHkVks Consul, jktkuq;qÙkks Councillor, efUr (m);

Privy-councillor, lfpoks Crown-prince ;qojktk (m) Dagger, Nwfjdk Defeat, ijkt;ks Disunion, Hksnks Emblem of Royalty, jktddqFke.Mkuh (nt) Emperor, vf/jktk (m)

Empress, vf/jkftuh (f)

Envoy, jktnwrks Fighting, ;qU>ua General, lsukifr (m)

Government agent of a province e.Mfy Handle of a sword, Fk# (m) Head of the army, vXxlsukifr (m) Head of the public works, dfEedkePpks Hero, ohjks] egk;ks…ks Infantry, inkfr (m)

Killing, guua King, ujifr (m)

Kingdom, jTta] foftra King’s command, jktk.kk King’s command sword-bearer vflXxkgdks Lord Chancellor, vD[knLlkePpks Minister, vePpks , of education vt>kiukePpks , - of health, lks[;kePpks Navy, ukfodlsuk Parasol, lsrPNÙka Peace, lkea Prime Minister, egkePpks Punishment, n.Mks % dkj.kk Queen, jkftuh (f)

Quiver, ljdykiks

Rebel, nkefjdks Retreat, iPokslØïua Revenue, djks% cfy (m)

Rifle, vfXx.kkyh (m)

Royal, jktdh; (3)

Royal-seal, jkteqík Secretary of state, egkys[kdkePpks Sheath, dkslh (f)

Sheriff, tuenHkkstdks Shooting, foT>ua Siege, vojks/ua Soldier, ;q…HkVks Spear, gsfr (f)

Spy, pjiqfjlks Sting of a bow, ft;k Sword, [kXxks] vfl (m)

Swordsman, [kXx/jks Throne, lhgklua Viceroy, mijktk (m)

Victory, t;ks Violence, tyØïjks] gBks War, ;q…a War-cry, ;q…?kkslks War-chariot, ;q…jFkks Weapon, vk;q/

21. Litigation, vf/dj.ka Abusing, vØïksl Bail, ikfVHkksxks Barrister at law, vf/uhfrosnh (m) Be-heading, lhlPNsnks (The) Bench, fofuPNFkklua Coercion, oyØïkjks Command, vk.kk Complaint, dksnuk Condemned, oT>IiÙk (3)

Confiscation, jktk;rdj.ka Confiscation of one’s whole’ estate, lCcLlgj.ka Corporal punishment, dkj.kk Crime, vijk/ks Culprit, vijk/h% lkgfldks Dacoity, xke?kkVks Defendant, pqfnrdks District Court, fnlkf/dj.ka Evidence, lfD[k (nt)

Execution, o/ks] ?kkrua Executioner, o/dks False-witness, dwVlfD[kdks Highway robbery, foijkekslks Imprisonment, cU/ua] dkjkifD[kiua Interpreter, Hkklkuqokndks Intimidation, ifjHkklua Judge, vuqfoTtdks] fofuPN;keu Judgement, fofuPN;ks Law-court, vf/dj.krkyk Lawsuit, vŒða Lawyer, uhfrosfn (m)

Litigant, vŒðdkjks Magistrate, /Eekf/dkjh (m) Murder, euqLl?kkrks Petition, vk;kpui..ka Place of execution, vk?kkrua Plaintiff, pksndks Plunder, vfPNUna Police-court, mifnlkf/dkj.ka Prisoner, c/ukxfjdks Privy-council, jktkf/dj.ka Punishment, n.Mks] o/ks Supreme court, lsŒòkf/dj.ka Theft, pksfj;a] FksÕ;a Trial, vuqfoTtua Witness, lfD[kdks, - Box, lfD[ki Violence, lkgla

22. Vehicles, okgukuh Aeroplane, C;kse;kua Axle, vD[kks Bridle, eq[kk/kua Carriage, jFkks Cart, ldVks Chariot, vLljFkks - body, jFki×tjks - rug, jFkvRFkjks - pole, /qjks Charioteer, lkjFkh Driver, ikftrk (m) - of an elephant gRFkkjksgh Elephant-rug, gRFkRFkjks] – Hook to quiet an elephant, rwÙka – trappings for an elephant, gfRFkdIiuks Fender of a carriage, o:Fkks Flect horse, t/uks Horse of good breed, vktkuh;ks Horse rug, vLlRFkjks Horse trappings, vLldIiuks Horse-shoe, [kqjkcj.ka Untrained horse, [kqG˜ïks Well trained horse, ohuhvLlks Linch pin, vD[kXxdhyks Litter, flfidk Maker-cart, l;aoŒðdks]

Motor-cycle, foTtqpØï;qxa Mule, vLlrjks Nave (of a wheel), ukfHk Nose-rope, dqlk Palnquin, nksyk Push-cycle, pØï;qxa Railway train, /wejFkks Reins, jFkjfLe (t)

Rickshaw, gRFkoŒðdks Rim (of a wheel), usfe (f) Saddle, vLldPNk State-carriage, iQqLljFkks Tram-car, foTtqjFkks Wheel, pØïa Whip, dlk Yoke, ;qxa

23. Diseases and medical treatment, jksxk p ,o ifrdkjk p Ailment, #tk - in ears d..kjksxks] — of joints iCcokrkck/ks Alkaline solution, [kkja Anointing, vCHk×tua Antidote, folgj.ka Asthma, lklks Appendicite, vUrxf.Bdkck/ks Attendant to the sick, fxykuqiŒòkdks Beneficial, lIik; (ý)

Biliousness, fiÙkCHkeks Boil, x.Mks Catarrin, fiuklks Chemical compound, jlk;ua Cholera, folwfpdk Colic, okrlwya Collyrium, jl×tua Consumption, dklks Cough, mØïklua Decoction, dlk;ks Diabetes, cgqeqÙkjksxks Disease, O;kf/ (m); jksxks Doctor, osTtks_ fHklØïks Dysentery, vfrlkjks Bilious dysentery, yksfgriD[kfUndk Elephantiasis, lhina Enteric fever, lfUuikrtjks Epidemic, l˜ïfVdjksxks

Epilepsy, viekjks Excess of wind, okrdksiks Eye-diseases, vfD[kjksxks Fainting, eqPNk Fever, tjjksxks malarial, folokr Fistula, HkxUnjk Headache, lhl#tk Health, vkjksX;a Hemorrphoids, yksfgrkfjla Hiccough, fgØïkjks Indigestion, vft..kda Inflammation, nkgks Influenza, lsEgjksxks Insanity, mEeknks Itch, dPNq] d.Mq (f)

Jaundice, i.Mqjksxks Leprosy, dqΘa]

White leprosy, l˜ıdqŒòa Medical treatment, frfdPNk Medicinal, vksl/h; (3)

Medicine, HkslTta Ointment, vkysiks Optician, vfD[kosTtks Patient, jksxh] fxykuks Paralysis, iD[k?kkrks Physician, fHklØïks Pharmacy, HkslTtkxkjks Pill, xqfGdk] okfVdk Plague, vfgokrdjksxks Purgative, fojspua Purged, fofjÙk (P.P.)

Rheumatism, okrjÙka Surgeon, lŠdÙkks Surgery, lŠdfÙk;a Surgical operation, lŠdEea Sickness, fxt××k Sickroom, fxykulkyk Small-pox, elwfjdk Steam-bath, lsndEea Swelling, lksiQks Swoon, eqPNk Tooth ache, nUrjksxks Urinary-disease, esgks Venom, fola Venereal disease, minalks Vomiting, oeua

24. Stationery and Printing, fyfiHk.Mkfu eqíkiu×k p Black-board, dkGiQydks Book, iksRFkda Compilation, l˜ı.gua_ l˜ïyua Composing, o..k;kstuk Compositor, o..k;kstdks Desk, ys[kuiQydks Editing, xU/lks/uk Envelope, lklukoj.ka Fountain-pen, ukGys[kuh (f) Ink, ys[kudlVks Ink-stand, dTtyk/kjks Letter, ys[kua] lklua] vD[kja Line, ifUr] js[kk Metrical composition, iTtoU/ks News-paper, iofÙkiÙka Note-paper, lkluiÙka Ola, rkyi..ka Page, fiŒòa Paper, dkdpi..ka Pen, ys[kuh (f)

Pen-nib, ys[kuheq[ka Pen-holder, ys[kuh/jks Pencil, vCHkdys[kuh (f)

Periodical, dkfydl˜ıgks Poem, dCca] iTta Printer, eqíkiua Printing press, eqík;Ura Proof, lksŁ;i..ka

Proof-reader, o..klks/dks Ruler, mtqjs[kdks Scribe, ys[kdks Seal, eqík Sealing-wax, trq (nt)

Signature, gRFky×Nua State, flykiRFkjks] - Pencil, flykys[kuh Straight line, mtqjs[kk Writing, fy[kua % fyfi

25. Tools and Implements, vk;q/ksidj.kkfu Adze, okfl (f)

Anvil, vf/dj.kh (f)

Awl, vkjk Axe, iQjlq] (m)

Bellows, xXxjh] (f)

Boring, fofufoT>ua Breaking, fHkUnua Carpenter’s line, dkGlqÙka Chisel, fu[kknua Chopping, rPNua Crow-bar, [kf.kÙkh (f)

Crucible, ewlk Cutting, fpUnua Digging, [k.kua File, yksg[kkndks Hammer, dwVa Iron-chain, v;ksnkeks Loom, oseks Mallet, dŒògRFkks Mammotty, dqíkyks Mowing, yk;ua Nail, vkf.k (f)

Pingo, dktks] basket, flØïk Pick-axe, Vk˜ïks Piners, l.Mklks Plough, uk˜ıya] Ploughing, dlua Plough-share, iQkyks Pole of a plough, u˜ıyhlk Plumet, vksyEcdks Razor, [kqja Saw, ddpks Shuttle, rljks Sickle, nkÙka Sledge-hammer, egkdwVks Splitting, iQkyua] fonkj.ka Trowel, dj.kh (f)

Vice, dΘihGdks Weaving, ok;ua Whetstone, fudlks Wimble, vkjgRFkks

26. Buildings and other things in a monastery, fogkj˜ık le.kifjD[kkjkuh p Alms hall, nkulkyk Altar, iwtklua Belfry, ?k.VkRFkEHkks Bell, ?ka.Vk Bo-tree, cksf/#D[kks Bowl, iÙkks Buddhist-monk, fHkD[kq (m)

Chapter house, lhek?kja Devotee, HkfÙkek (m)

Devotion, l…k Doctrine, /Eeks Elderly monk, Fksjks Enlightened one, cq…ks Faithless, vl… (3)

Image, ifVek Image-house, ifVek/ja

Library, iksRFkdky;ks Monastery, fogkjks] vkjkeks Monks’ quarters, i..klkyk Missionary, /Eenwrks Novice, lke.ksj Pagoda, psfr;a Platform around a bo-tree, cksf/˜ı.ka Platform around a pagoda, psfr˜ı.ka Preacher, nsldks Preaching, nsluk Preaching hall, /Eelkyk Pulpit, /Eeklua Relic casket, /krqdj.Mks Religious book, /EeiksRFkdks Water-strainer, ifjLlkoua Yellow-robe, phoja] dklk;

27. Musical Instruments, rqfj;Hk.Mkuh Conch-shell, l†ks Cymbal, ?kua Dance, uPpa_ - ing, uPpua Drum, Hksfj (f); - Stick, Hksfjn.Mks Sounding of a drum, Hksfjoknua Flute, /euoalks Flute-player, os.kq/eks Harmony, y;ks High-tone, rkjks Low-tone, eUnljks Lutanist, osf.kdks Lute, oh.kk – Belly of a lute, iksD[kjks – Bow of a lute, dks.kks – Neck of a lute, mioh.kks Music, okfnra] uPpxhra Musical note, ljks Musician, okndks Tabor, eqfn˜ıks] eqjtks Trumpet, lqflja

A2 PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words used, to replace nouns or substantives, to avoid repitition. The word Pronoun means “for a noun” or “instead of a noun”. Pronous admit of all genders, as they stand for every person or thing which are in different genders. They are also declined as nouns, with the only difference that there is no Vocative forms. They are classified into various groups by the English Grammarians, but for our purposes, we will restrict to only the important groups, viz :I. (1) Personal Pronouns : (i) First personal – “Amha” vEg (vLen~)

(ii) Second personal – “Tumha” rqEg (;q"en~)

(m.f.n.) : – Thou, you.

(iii) Third personal – “Ta” r (rn~) (m) : when used as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning ‘that’, it is declined differently in three genders.

No. (i) and (ii) are declined similarly in all the three genders. (2) Relative Pronouns :

Relative Pronouns : - Such as ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘that’, so called because they relate or refer to a noun, which has gone before. These are declined like nouns ending in v (m,n.) or vk (f) with some differences. In the declension of masculine Pronouns, the Nominative and Accusative plural termination is ,; terminations for the Dative and Genitive plural are ,la] ,lkua; while in the singular the following terminations are absent :– vk; of Dative, vk of the Ablative and , of the Locative.

In the neuter gender, the pronouns are declined like masculine nouns with slight change in Nominative and Accusative plural their terminations being , or vkfuThe feminine base is formed by adding vk to the masculine base and are declined like d××kkThere are no vocative forms.

(3) Demonstrative Pronouns :

This, that, those, etc. words used to point out the object or objects to which they refer.

r (that)–declined in these genders with certain changes; addition of prefix b to r gives br (that or this) which is also declined like r. be (this)– II. Some important Pronouns and Pronominal terms : A, An, ,d (in singular it means Everybody, lCcso ‘one’; in plural it means ‘some’) Everyone, lCcs All, lCc] ldy (3) He, lks Another, v××k vij (3) Her, ra (acc.), rLlk (gen.) Both, mHk; (plural only: 3) Him, ra Certain, v××krj (3) His, rLla Each other, v××ke××ka I, vga It, ra Me, ea] eea My, ee eÕga No one, u dksfp [suffix fp (fpr~) added to interrogative pronoun] Other, v××k brj] ij (3)

Some, ,dPp [in the singular ,d means ‘one’ or ‘a, an’ in plural it means ‘some’ ‘certain’ (3.)]

Somebody, dksfp Somebody else, v××kks dksfp That man, blks [prefix “e” added to lks& nominative singular of r (that) ] That woman, blk That thing, bra These men, bes These women, bek These things, bekfu Their, rsla (m, nt), rkla (f)

Them, rs m, rk (f), rkfu (nt)

This man, v;a be = This : Nominative forms.

This woman, v;a This thing, bea] bna& Nom. Neut, forms of be = This }

Thee, ra] Roa Thine, ro] rs] rqÕga Those men etc., rs Which (of the two), drj (3), dre Those woman, brk] rk Which, who, dks] fld (from d) ; Those things, brkfu] rkfu Whosoever, ;ks dksfp Us, vEgs Whom, da \ (Nom. Sin. of We, e;a d Neu.)

What, fld \ Whose, dLl (d m; nt)

Whatsoever, ;a fdf×p You, rqEgs Western, vij Your, rqgkda Eastern, iqCck III. Sentences wherein some of the above listed Pronominals are used.

1. What is the use of water to me ? fld eÕga okfjuk \ A

2. The Buddha tells this story about a monk. bna oRFkqa cq…ks ,da fHkD[kqekjCHk dFksfr A

3. I have three bows. ee rkf.k /uwfu gksfUr A

4. What is the use of medicine to one not diseased ? vC;kf/rLl fld HkstTtsu \ A

5. You bind the cow with a rope. Roa jTtq;k /suqa cU/fl A

6. You throw sugar into the gruel. rqEgs ;kxq;a lD[kja f[kiFk A

7. Good men live together in mutual satisfaction. lIiqfjlk rqfŒò;k v××ke××ka lailfUr A

8. Gold is the best of all metals. lqo..ka lqCcklq /krqlq lsΘa A

9. Both are degraded by nature; both do not see the duty. mHkks idfr;k pqrk] mHkks /Eea u iLlfUr A

10. He tells me a story. lks eÕga oRFkqa dFk;fr A

11. What is the use of a bow without arrows ? ljsfg fouk fld /uquk\ A

12. We bring fuel and grass from the forest below. vEgs nk:a p fr.ka p vj××kk vkgjke A

13. They sprinkle the king with water from three conchshells. rs rhfg l…sfg Hkwia fl×pfr A

14. He throws dust in my eye. lks ee pD[kqflLe jta f[kifr A

15. Fie upon that acquisition of fame and wealth, Oh Brahmin, which (implies) a maintenance (livelihood) in degradation and in an impious living. f/jRFkq ra ;lykHka /uykHka p czkª.kA ;k oqfÙk fofuikrsu v/Eepj.ksu ok A

16. The physician wraps your nose with cloth. osTtks ro (rqEga) uRFkqa (ukflda) oRFksu ifyosBsfr A

17. The girls throw dust at one another for amusement. d××kk;ks dsfG;k v××ke××ka jta (/wfly) f[kifUr A

18. You remember the strength of the lord of monkeys. rqEgs okufjUnLl lflÙk vuqLljFk A

19. You strive for the aquisition of wealth. rqEgs /uykHkk; ok;eFk A

20. I wish to go to the garden. mÕ;kuHkwfle xUrqa bPNkfe A

21. You too, O ascetic, plough and sow and eat after ploughing and sowing. Roa¿fi le.k] dlLlq p oIilq p dflRok p ofiRok p Hkq×tlq A

22. May you and your bride live happily. Ro×p ro o/w p lq[ksu oqRFk A

23. There is the father, O Rahula, go and ask for the inheritance. lks rs jkgqy tudks] xPNlq nk;Tta ;kpkfg A

24. Let all things be happy and contended. lCcs lÙkk lqf[krk p lqfgrk p gksUrqA

25. Let us go to the younder mountain and eat jambu fruit. vEgs ifjea iCcra xPNke tEcwfu p [kknke A

26. We shall describe the powers of the former Buddhas. iqCcsla cq…kua vkuqHkkoa vEgs o..ksLlke A

27. Who is your teacher whose Doctrines do you like ? dks rs vkpfj;ks] dLl ok /Eea jkspsfl \ A

28. He is the son of Bindusara. ,lks fcUnqlkjLl iqÙkks A

29. This novice will be the master of this house. v;a lke.ksjks beLl xsgLl lkfedks HkfoLllfr A

30. Letters come from all towns on the same day. ,dfnoleso lCcsfg uxjsfg i..kkfu vkxPNfUr A

31. Who is your father ? dks rs tudks \

32. You will not get anything from me, go to another. rqoa es fldfp u yfHkLlfl ija xPN A

33. Those elders have (got) other pupils. vewla Fksjkua v××ks ek.kodk gksfUr A

34. A certain physician brings the root of a certain tree. v××krjks osTtks dLlfp :D[kLl ewya vkgjfr A

35. I shall live in that cottage. vga rk;a dqfV;a oflLlkfe A

36. This is the chariot in which I shall sit to-morrow. v;ks lks jFkks ;flLe vga Los fulhfnLlkfe A

37. Speak what you like. ;a bPNfl ra czwfg A

38. From what city has the messenger come ? dLek uxjk nwrks vkxrks \

39. The way of wealth is one and the way of deliverance is another. v×k×kks /uLl eXxks] v×k×kks p eqfÙk;k eFkks A

40. All trees and all the creepers are in blossom in the summer. funk?ks lCcs p :D[kk] lCck p yrk iqfIiQrk gksfUr A

41. See this fruit of faith and character. l…k; lhyLl p bana iQya iLl A

42. This house is mine, that place is yours and the cottage is hers. bna ?kja enh;a] veq iklknks rkodks] lk dqfV p rnh;k A

A3 ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are describing words and add something to the meaning of a noun i.e., they qualify the nouns. Hence they are treated as nouns and carry all the infletions of the nouns. As the adjectives qualify nouns which are of different genders and numbers, they must agree with their substantives in gender, number and case. Roughly they could be classified thus (according as their derivations–from) :– (1) Pronouns becoming adjectives when used before a substantive of the same gender, number and case – Pronominal adjectives. (2) Adjectives formed, from verbal bases. They are also called participles. Like verbs they are divided into Present, Past, and Future Tenses; and each group is divided into Active and Passive voices. Becoming adjectives, they are declined in all the genders–Verbal Adjectives or participles.

(3) Adjectival Nouns are often used as adjectives : they become substantives when they stand alone in the place of person or the thing they qualify. They are decline in all genders.

(4) Adjectives proper, qualify nouns and must agree with their substantives in gender, number and case. II. Verbal Adjectives or Participles (Declinable)

1. Present Participles Going, xPNUr Cooking, ipUr Doing, djksUr Walking, pjUr Running, /koUr Bathing, ugk;Ur Laughing, glUr Eating, Hkq×tUr Sleeping, l;Ur Seeing, looking at, ilUr Sitting, fulhnUr Carrying, gjUr Buying, fd.kUr Standing, frŒòUr Bringing, vkgjUr Living, residing, fogjUr Selling, fofØï.kUr Giving, nnUr Crying, jksnUr

2. Past Participles Gone, xr Come, vkxr Made, done, dr Told, said, oqÙk Broken, fHkUu Descended, vksfr..k Brought, vkgV Beaten, igV Carried, gV Dead, er Slept, lqÙk] lf;r Stood, fFkr Sat, fuflUu Lived, oqRFk Bitten, nŒò Cooked, iØï] ifpr Received, y… Bought, dhr Eaten, HkqÙk Worshipped, ofUnr Killed, gr Cut, fNUu Enraged, dq…

3. Some adjectival nouns (Masculine ending in ‘u’) Rich, /uoUr Powerful, cyoUr Sun, HkkuqeUrq The exalted one, fortunate, HkxoUrq Wise, i××koUrq Famous, ;loUrq Mindful, lfroUrq Intelligent, cqf…eUrq Fortunate, iq××koUrq Of high caste, dqyoUrq Fruitful, iQyoUrq Possessor of ice, snowy, fgeoUrq Possessor of eyes, pØïeUrq Virtuous, lhyoUrq With many relations, cU/qeUrq

4. Adjectives as such Small, [kqíd Big, large, egUr Long, nh?k Short, jLl High, tall, mPp Low, vulgar, uhp Medium, efT>e Few, a little, vIid Many, much, cgq] cgqd Umpire, vke Ripe, iØï Young, ngj Elderly, old, egŠd Wide, broad, foRFkr White, lsr Blue, uhy

Red, jÙk Black, dky Yellow, ihr Shallow, mÙkku Deep, xEHkhj Rough, coarse, [kj Soft, eqnq Bald, [kŠkV Blind, vU/ Blind of one eye, dk.k Deaf, cf/j Dumb, ewx Azure, eUnuhy Black, dkG Blue, uhy Brown, fi˜ıy Dark-brown, d.gihr Green, gfjr Grey, ?kwlj Light-red, v#.k Multi-coloured, dEekl Orange-coloured, ihrjÙk Pink, ikVy Bad, vlqUnj] vHkíd Bad-smelling, nqXxU/ Belonged, vk;Ùk Beautiful, lqUnj] l:i Bent-down, vksur Big, egUr Blunt, vfrf[k.k Foolish, young, cky Wise, if.Mr Powerful, cyoUrq Feeble, nqCcy Beautiful, l:i Handsome, nLluh;

Insane, mEeÙk Lame, [k×t Poor, nfGí Rich, /uoUrq Squint-eyed, ofyj Red, jÙk] yksfgr Tawny, dfiy Yellow, ihr Yellowish white, i.Mqo..k Astringent, dslko Bitter, frÙk Pungent, dVqd Salt, yo.k Sour, vfEcy Sweet, e/qj Bold, fuCHk;

Brave, ohj Bright, iHkLej] Hkklqj Broad, foRFkr Charitable, vyq… Cheerful, lqeu Circular, pØïkdkj

Clean, fuEey] lq… Close, lehi] vklUu Coarse, dØïl Cold, lhry Composed of mind, lekfgr Concealed, xÙk] ifrPNUu Covered, NUu Crooked, o˜ï] dqfVy Cruel, nqVò] dqjhj Deep, xEHkhj Despised, fufUnr] ofEHkr Dim, fuIiHk] efyu Dirty, fdfyVò Distant, nwj Distracted, vlekfgr Dry, lqD[k Egg-shaped, v.Mkdkj Empty, rqPN Eternal, lLlfrd Even, le Excellent, i.khr] vfrlqUnj] foflVò Exposed, fooV] vukoV Extreme, vPpUr Fair, lksHku Famous, foLlqr Fat, Fkwy Few, dfri;

Fine, lq[kqe Foolish, nU/] eUncqf…d Fortunate, /××k] lqHkx Friendly, vfo:…] lqân] vuqdwy Full, iq..k] lEiq..k Globular, xksykdkj Good, lqUnj] Hkíd Great, egUr] mÙke Greedy, yq…] efgPN Gross, vksGkfjd Haggard, fdl Handsome, l:i Heavy, Hkkfj;

Hard, Fk} High, mPp Honest, vo˜ï] mtq Hostile, fo:… Hot, m.g Ignoble, v/e] uhp Immovable, vpy] Fkkoj Impermanent, vfuPp Kind, dk:f.kd Lazy, vyl Less, mQu Light, lŠgqd Little, lqíd] ifjÙk Long, nh?k] vk;r Loose, flfFky Low, uhp

Many, cgqd Mean, ghu Moderate, efT>e] eÙk××kw More, vf/d Movable, t˜ıe] py] ikfjgkfj; Much, igwr New, vfHkuo Noble, ioj] mÙke Octagonal, vVòafld One’s own, ld] lkdh;

Old, iqjk.k Opened, fooV] vukoV Other, ij] vij Permanent, fuPp] Fkkoj Praised, vfHkRFkqr Pure, ifjlq… Respected, ekfur] cgqer Rotten, iwfVd Round, oVðy] oVð Sad, nqEeu Semi-circular, v…pØïdkj Shallow, mÙkku Sharp, frf[k.k Short, jLl Skilful, iVq] nD[k Small, [kqíd Smooth, flfu…] eVò Soft, eqnq Square, prqjLl Straight, mtq Sublime, lq[kqe Sweet, e/qj Sweet-smelling, lqxU/ Thick, ?ku Thin, ruq Timid, Hkh:d Tringular, frdks.kd Ugly, fo:i] vlksHku Unclean, efyu] vlq… Uneven, fole Unknown, vikdV] vi××kkr Unfortunate, nqfD[kr] HkkX;ghu Unfriendly, nqgn] fo:… Virtuous, lqlhy Vicious, nqLlhy Well-known, foLlqr] lqikdV Weighty, Hkkfj;] x:d Wet, frUr] vŠ Wise, i××koUrq Wounded, of.kr Young, o#.k

B. VERBS

I. Verb– vk[;kr is an integral and important part of speech; verbs are divided into groups called /krqx.k. In Pali there are seven Conjugations, though some Grammarians mention ten as in Sanskrit. Each group has one or more conjugational signs (fodj.k)] which come between the root (/krq) and the verbal termination (izR;;)] Thus the base or vax of a verb is formed by the combination of the root (/krq) with its conjugational sign, to which is added the verbal termination, as for instance:– ip~ $ fr ¾ ip~ $ v $ fr ¾ ipfr ¾ cooks.

The Pali Grammarians represented roots with an ending vowel as xe] ol etc. and not as xe~ or ol~] as in Sanskrit. But the end v of a root is dropped when the conjugational sign is added. Before the first conjugational sign v)] the penultimate short and the ending vowel take their xq.k] v has no xq.k or strengthening. The xq.k of b] bZ] is ,_ and of m] mQ] is vksThus :– uh (to carry) is a root $ v conjugational sign $ us $ v- Hkw (to be) $ v ¾ Hkks $ v → Hkofr] ∴ vks followed by v becomes vc and thus Hkw → HkofrRoot-groups (/krqx.k) with their signs according to Pali-course.

1st Conjugation – a, v] Hkqokfnx.k 2nd Conjugation – m : a, vuqLokj % v % #/kfnx.k 3rd Conjugation – ya : ;] fnokfnx.k 4th Conjugation – no : nu : una : Lokfnx.k 5th Conjugation – na, .kk % fd;kfnx.k 6th Conjugation – o, yira : vks] f;j % rukfnx.k 7th Conjugation – e, aya : ,] v; % pqjkfnx.k Number of roots are included in the first and the seventh group. Pali verbs are conjugated, in three Tenses, two Voices, two Numbers and three Persons :–

1. Tenses or dky (i) Present tense – oÙkekudky (ii) Past tense – vrhrdky (iii) Future tense – vukxrdky

2. Voices or iz;ksx (i) Active – dÙkqdkjd (drZfj) : a transitive verb that represents its subject as acting, is in Active Voice. Here the Subject or dÙkk takes Nominative and the Object dEe is in Accusative (nqfr;k)] and the verb takes the same gender and/number as the Subject – e.g., vga cq…a uekfe_ lk cq…a uefr_ rqEgs cq…a ueFk- (ii) Passive Voice – deZf.k iz;ksxA Transitive verb, that represents its subject as being passively acted upon, is in Passive Voice. The sign of the Passive Voice is ; (ya) irrespective of the conjugation, and is added directly to the root. The final v of a root is dropped and the remaining ending consonant and the ; of the Passive undergo the necessary changes (according to rules of change).

In the Passive Voice, in a sentence, the subject (drkZ) takes the Instrumental (rfr;k) Case and the Object (deZ) takes the Nominative Case, and the verb takes the same person and number as that of the Object :

The Attanopade (vkReusin) terminations are frequently used in the Passive Voice; but it is optional.

Examples of Verbs in Passive Voice :– djh;fr = is done or made vkdMôh;fr = is dragged or drawn dlh;fr = is ploughed nh;fr = is given nslh;fr = is preached ekjh;fr = is killed vkgjh;fr = is brought oUnh;fr = is worshipped gjh;fr = is carried fd.kh;fr = is bought

cU/h;fr = is tied fofØï.kh;fr = is sold Hkklh;fr = is told /ksoh;fr = is washed HkqXt;fr = is taken (iii) Impersonal Construction, Hkkos iz;ksx In this construction the Subject takes Instrumental Case and the verb always is in third person single.

Examples :– drZfj µ ujksxPNfr Hkkos µ ujsu xEers

3. Persons :– (i) Third Person – iBe iqfjl (ii) Second Person – efT>e iqjhl (iii) First Person – mÙke iqjhl

4. Numbers opu :–(i) Singular (ii) Plural

5. Padas :– (i) ijEeSin – more commonly used (ii) vkReusin –rarely met with in literature except in poetry and in the Passive Voice.

The Padas have their own verbal terminations.

6. Moods – The manner in which a verb is used to express an action is called Mood.

(i) Imperative Mood – vkKkFkZ –This mood is used to express command, prayer, advise, wish, blessing or proposal.

(ii) Potential Mood – foŁ;FkZ – This Mood expresses probability, command, wish, prayer, hope, advise and capability. It is used in conditional or hypothetical sentences in which one statement depends on another as its reason or condition. (iii) Conditional – ladsrkFkZ (dkykfrifÙk) – The Conditional Mood is used in those hypothetical sentences in which the non-