पुस्तक III

(a) List of particles or fuikr or vO;; :–

1. How, dFkaµ What, fldlq] dfPp] fld Really, uuq Isn’t that so, really, uq

2. Without, besides, fouk]

vUrjsu] fjrs

3. Doubt, sorry, vgks What, where of, fdeq Or, mnkgq] fdeqr

4. Nipatas indicating time, Now, v/quk] bnkfu] brjfg When, ;nk Then, rnk To-day, vTt To-morrow, lqos (Üo%)

Dayafter to-morrow, ijlqos (ijÜo%)

Yesterday, fgÕ;ks (gÔ%)

Evening, lk;a Morning, ikrks Day-time, fnok Day-break, ixs

5. Vocative Nipatas Superiors, HkUrs O, you, vjs] js] Hkh For servants, ts For Sraman, vkcqlks

6. As, when, ;Fkk That, that way, rFkk Thus, ,oa As it were, lsÕ;Fkk As, ;Fkfjo Thus, rFkfjo

7. Because, ;rks That’s why, rrks Owing to, Because of fuLlk;

With reference to, about, la/k;

8. No, u] uks] ek Otherwise, uksp Enough, vya All prepositions except BisRok] f/jRFkq] ueks] fouk] are placed after the nouns. Prepositions govern their objects in different cases as indicated below : (a) The Accusative – ;ko until; vkjCHk] mfíLl] fuLlk;] lU/k;] ifVPp with reference to, about; f/] f/jRFkq fie upon!

(b) The Instrumental – vya enough of; fld what is the use of ? (Interrogatively); oVðfr it is proper for; lØïk, it is possible for; lfl…] lg with. (c) ueks governs the dative.

(d) iVòk; (from) governs the ablative; ;ko is used with the ablative optionally : fouk (without); governs the accusative, the instrumental or the ablative. (e) The genitive, v/ks under; vUrjs] vUrks in, among; m…a] miflj on, upon above; vksja on this side; ikja beyond; gsVðk below, under; oVðfr. œœœ B) Terminations Rok] Roku] rwu] ; when put after a verbal root, we get RokUr vO;; or Indeclinable Past Participle or the Gerund. Before the addition of Rok, the root undergoes the same changes as before rCc_ e.g. ifpRok having cooked, fofT>Rok after piercing, f[kfiRok] dFkRok] dFkf;Rok] gkjkis & if;Rok etc; ; optionally takes the place of Rok; generally in cases where an milXx is prefixed to the root, as miVòfgRok or miVòk; having approached; vuqHkfoRok or vuqHkw;_ misRok or misPp having approached; iz $ fo’k~ ¾ izfo’;Some roots with their Gerund; Indeclinable Past Participles (Absolutive) dhG $ b $ Rok ¾ dhfGRok_ dhG $ b $ Roku ¾ dhfGRoku_ dhIG $ b $ rwu ¾ dhfGrwu = Having played.

f[ki ¾ f[kfiRok] f[kfiRoku] f[kfirwu ¾ Having thrown.

fio ¾ fifoRok] fifoRoku] fiforwu ¾ After drinking or having drunk. ol ¾ oflRok] oflRoku] oflrwu = Having lived or living.

/kso ¾ /ksfoRok] /ksfoRoku] /ksforwu ¾ After washing.

fpUr ¾ fpUrf;Rok] fpUrf;Roku] fpUrf;rwu ¾ After having thought or after thinking, fNn~ ¾ fNfUnRok] fNfUnRoku] fNfUnrwu ¾ After cutting.

Hkqt ¾ Hkqf×tRok] Hkqf×tRoku] Hkwf×trwu ¾ After eating. Bk ¾ BRok] BRoku ¾ Having stood or standing.

xg ¾ xgsRok] xgsRoku] xgsrwu ¾ Bringing with.

ihG ¾ ihGf;Rok] ihGf;Roku] ihGf;rwu ¾ torturing or having tortured. C) Terminations rqa] ros] rk;s when added to a root we get rqeUr vO;;_ they are usually used to express purpose of a verb or fØ;k. These forms are also called the Infinitive of Purpose :– dhG ¾ dhfGrqa] dhfGros] dhfGrk; ¾ for playing

iB ¾ ifBrqa ifBros] ifBrk;s ¾ for studying pj ¾ pfjrqa] pfjros] pfjrk;s ¾ for wandering about :n ¾ jksfnrqa] jksfnros] jksfnrk; ¾ for crying iLl ¾ ifLlrqa] ifjLros] ifjlrk;s ¾ for seeing ft ¾ tsrqa] tsros] tsrk; ¾ for conquering uh ¾ usrqa] usros] usrk;s ¾ for carrying roots with i $ gj ¾ igfjrqa] igfjros] igfjrk;s ¾ for beating milXx fu $ de ¾ fuD[kferqa] fuD[kferos] fuD[kferk;s ¾ for going III. Indeclinables And adverbs, fuikrk Above, mifj] m…aAcross, frjks] frfj;aAfter (that), iPNk] vRFkAfter a long time, fpjsuAgain, iquAgain and again, iquIiquaAll-round, leUrrksAlmost, eua] dsoydIiaAlso, vfi] pkfiAlthough, rFkkfiAlways, lrra] lnkAnd, p] vfiAs, ;Fkk] rFkkAs far as, ;ko] rkoAs follows, lsÕ;Fkhna Aside, ,deUraAt first, rko] iBeaBecause,, ;rks] ;Lek] rLekBefore (in front), iqjrksBefore (formerly), iqjk] iqCcs Before long, vfpjaBefore-hand, ixso] ifVxPpsoBehind, iPNrksBelow, v/ks] gs VòkBetween, vUrjkBut, rFkkfiCertainly, v…k] os] gos] dkea] tkrqConstantly, vfHk.ga Eastwards, iqjRFkEither or, ok] vFkok] mnkgq Else, vfi pElsewhere, v××kRFkEnough, vyaEver, lnk] lCcnkEvery where, lCcRFkExactly, ;FkkrFkaExcept, foukFar less, fde˜ı Frequently, vfHkD[k.kaFrom afar, nwjrksFrom here, brksFrom there, rrks From where, dqrksGrattis, eq/kHastily, lglkHence, brks] ,ÙkksHence forth, brks iHkqfrHere, b/k] v=k] ,RFk] bg-

How, dFka \ However, ;Fkk dFkf×p How much, fdÙkda] dho If, lps] ;fn In, vUrks Indeed, [kyq Instantly, lTtq Is not, uuq \ Just, ,o Just as, ;Fk] fjo Like, foo] bo Likewise, rFkso More and more, Hkh;ks Mostly, ;sHkqÕ;su Namely, lsÕ;Fkhna Never, u dnkfp No, u] uks No where, u] Øïfp Do not, ek Often, vfHk.ga Once, lfld Oneself, l;a] lkea Or, mnkgq] vFkok Outside, cfg Otherwise, v××kFkk Perhaps, vIiso Properly, lEenso Rather, fd×p Rightly, lEek Secretly, jgks Seldom, dnkfp] djgfp Shortly, vfpja Silently, rqf.g Slowly, lfuda So, rFkk So far, rkork So long, rkork So long as, ;ko fdoa Soon, f[kIia] lh?ka] vklq] rqora Strictly, nŸga Surely, voLla] ,dUrsu Then, rnk Thence, rrks There, rRFk] r=k] rflg Therefore, rLek] ru Through, vUrjsu Tightly, xkŸga Together, ,dT>a Together-with, lg ;so Until, ;ko] rko Upon, mifj Very much, vfrfo;] vrho Well-nigh, eua What, fld What if, ;u~ uwu When, dnk \ Whence, dqrks Whenever, ;nk Where, dqflg] dq=k \ Wherever, ;RFk dRFkfp Wherefore, ;Lek Whether, dfPp Why, dLek \ With, lg] lfl… Without, fouk] BkisRok Wrongly, fePNk Yes, vke] ,oa

Sentences showing use of various Particles :– Hail to the Buddha ! Fie upon the Evil Spirit ! ueks cq…k;] f?kjRFkq ekj A A quarrel arises among the crows about the bones; vŒòhfu fuLlk; dkdkua dygks mIiTtfr A Enough of honey and curds to me; I have requirement of fire wood; vya es e/quk nf/uk p_ nk:uk es vRFkks A There lives a hare under a cluster of palms; rRFksdks ¿ llks rkyxPNLl gsŒòk olfr A The monkeys go daily beyond the Ganges ; okujk iPpga xaxk; ikja xPNfUr A The bearers of load return with fuel; Hkkjgkjdk nk:fg lfl… iPpkxPNfUr A What is the use of water to me ? fld eÕga okfjuk A The Brahmin throws ghee over the fire; czkª.kks vfPpLl mifj lflIi ifD[kifr A It is not proper for a man a tell an untruth ; vlPpa ujLl u o Œðfr A It is not possible for a hare to give sesamums to a Brahmin ; llsu czkª.kk; frykfu nkrqa u lØïk A The Buddha tells this story about a monk : bna oRFkqa cq…ks ,d fHkD[kqekjCHk dFksfr A Hares do not eat anything without grass ; fr.ka fouk llk u [kknfUr A What is the use of bow without arrows ? ljsfg fouk fld /uquk \ We bring fuel and grass from the forest below : vEgs nk:a p fr.kap vj××kk vkgjke A Birds fall down on the ground with speed; ldq.kk osxsu Hkfe;a fuirfUr A Good man live together in mutual satisfaction; lIiqfj;k rqfŒò;k v××ke××k (mutual) laolfUrA

The Elephantess of Udena runs in the sand, like lightening; mnsuLl djs.kq o..kq;a foTtq fo; /kofr A A man who possesses the four virtues of lord of the monkeys, viz. truth, justice, courage and charity, overcomes all difficulties; ;Llsrs prqjks /Eek okufjUn ;Fkk ro A lPpa /Eeks f/fr pkxks fn Œòa lks vfroÙkfr AA A crocodile used to live inthe Ganges ; lqalqekjks x˜ık; fogjfr A The physician wraps your nose with cloth ; osTtks ro ukflda oRFksu ifycsBsflr A serpent takes out its head from the hallow ; ukxks lhla lqfljLek uhgjfrYou remember the strength of the monkeys ; rqEgs okufjUnLl lflÙk vuqLljFk A The splendour of the Doctrine shines forth in four quarters; /EeLl :fp prwlq fnlklq idklfr A The cow jumps up from the ground ; /suq Hkwfe;k mIirfr A The elephantess ascends from the deep pit; djs.kq fuUuk; dklq;k mÙkjfr A The student should inform his teacher everything that he has done, seen or heard personally; ;a ;a vÙkuk dra ok fn Œòa ok lqrq ok lCca ra vkpfj;Ll vkjkspsrCc A The elder monk Mahatissa, went to the court yard of the temple in the evening, saw the moon-light, turned his face towards the temple, became full of joy, jumped up in the air and stood firmly at the great temple : egkfrLlRFksjks lk;a psfr; psfr; Œò.ka xURok pankyksda fnLok psfr;kfHkeq[kks gqRok ihflr (joy) mIiknsRok vkdkls mIifrRok egkpsfr;s ifr ŒòkflA I am not allowed to go to the monastery at my liking or to hear the Doctrine or to offer gifts; vga vÙkuks #fp;k fogkja ok xUrqa /Eea ok lksrqa nkua ok nkrqa u yHkkfe A Do not allow this child to go anywhere ; nkjdLl dRFkfp xRrqa ek nsFk A The pupil must get up early, must put off his shoes, must give the tooth-pick to the preceptor, and must arrange his seat; vUrsokfluk dkyLllso mŒòk;] mikguk vkseqf×pRok] vkpfj;Ll nUrd Œòa nkrCca] vklu×p i××kkisrCc A

If the place becomes dirty, it should be swept; lps lks nslks mDykiks gksfr lEefTtrCcks A The Son of the banker covered the street, constructed a pandal, and began drinking wine surrounded by a large company ; lsfŒòuks iqÙkks ohflFk vkofjRok] e.Mia dkjkisRok egktusu ifjoqrks lqja ikrqa vkj…ks A The messenger saw that the sage had gone to the Pandva mountain after taking his alms round and after going out the city; and he informed this to the king ; l eqfu fi.Mk; pfjRok uxjk fuD[kEe] i.Mo mixrk ¿ fr fnLoku nwrks vkxUok- jkftuks ifVosnf; A If a man does not get friends that are better than him and that are worthy of friendship, then he should live alone, like a king who lives alone after abandoning the kingdom which is conquered (by others); lsŒòs les lsforCcs lgk; vy…k] jktk ¿ o foftra j Œòa igk; ,dks pjs A One should not take resort to sinful friends, should not utter false words, should not drink wine, and should not cause destruction of life ; ikidk feÙkk u HkftrCck] fePNk okpk u opuh;k] eTta u isÕ;a] ik.kkfrikrks p u dkrCcks A I shall not be allowed to renunciate by my parents ; ekrkfirjks eÕga iCcftrqa u nLlfUr A Whatever is thought by the mind should be spoken out by the tongue ; ;a fd×ph eulk fpfUrra fl;k] ra okpk; oÙkCc A If the western dusty wind blow, the western windows should be closed ; lps ifPNek ljtk okrk ok;sÕ;qa] ifPNek okrikuk FkkdsrCcIf the store house is dirty it should be swept ; lps dks Œòdks mDykiks gksfr] lEeftrCcks A Charities should be given commandments should be observed, and fast should be kept; nkukfu nsÕ;kfu (nkrCckfu)] lhykfu jfD[krCckfu] mikslFkks p dj.kh; A The crane, catching the fish, carrying it to the great lake, tearing it down and taking its life, ate it; odks ePNa xf.gRok] ra egkrGkda usRok (gfjRok)] ra iQkysRok] thforD[k;a ikisRok v[kkfn A Some boys went to a garden to steal fruit, but the gardener came and beat them; dsfp ckyk iQykfu pksjsrqa mÕ;kua xrk] mÕ;kuikyks iu vkxEe rs igfj A

The boys said “O Sir, do not beat us, not a single fruit has been stolen by us.” okyk vokspqa] ^^vÕ; ek uks igfj] ,defi iQya vEgsfg u [kkfnra ** frIt is not proper to insult a good man and not possible to insult a wicked man ; lqtua vief××krqa u o Œòfr] nq Œòa vief××krqa p u lØïkThey having approached the king prayed him to release the deer; rs jktkua mIisp (miladfeRok] miladEe] or misRo k)] fexa ekspf;rqa ra iRFkslqSo long as the peacock had not been seen by the residents, the crow was fed by them ; jŒòokalhfg vfn Œòs eksjs] dkdks rsfg iq Œòks (iksflrks)The grass is eaten and the water is drunk by the cow ; /suquk rua [kkfnr p mndap fiforap A The cows have been milked and sent to the pasture ; /suq;ks nq…k] xkspja p ifgrkThe sick monks should attend upon one another ; fxykusfg fHkD[kwfg v××ke××ka mi ŒòkrCcaOur money has been wrested, our country conquered and parents have been killed by you ; Ro;k vEgkda pew p vfPNUuk] j Œòa p ftra] ekrkfirjks p es ekfjrk-

Section 4

1. Cardinals – Number – la[;k 1 = ,oaQ2 = }s3 = r;ks] fr4 = prq (pÙkkjks)5 = i×p6 = N7 = lÙk8 = v Œò9 = uo10 = nl11 = ,dknl12 = }knl] ckjl13 = rsGl] rsjl14 = pqíl] prqíl15 = i..kjl] i×pnl16 = lksGl17 = lÙkjl] lÙknl18 = v Œòkjl] v Œòknl19 = ,dwuohlrh- (f)

20 = ohlrh21 = ,dohlrh22 = }kohlrh] ckohlrh23 = rsohlrh24 = prqohlrh25 = i×pohlrh26 = NCchlrh27 = lÙkkohlrh28 = v Œòkohlrh29 = ,dwuflrlrh30 = flrlrh31 = ,dkflrlrh- (f)

32 = }kflÙklrh33 = rsflÙklrh34 = prqflÙklrh35 = i×pflrlrh36 = NflÙklrh37 = lÙkflrlrh38 = v Œòflrlrh39 = ,dwupÙkkpkGhlrh40 = pÙkkGhlfr41 = ,dpÙkkGhlfr42 = f}pÙkkGhlfr43 = rspÙkkGhlfr44 = prqpÙkkGhlfr45 = i×ppÙkkGhlfr46 = NÙkkGhlfr47 = lÙkpÙkkfGlfr48 = v ŒòpÙkkfGlfr49 = ,dwui..kklk50 = i..kklk] i×pklfr51 = ,di..kklk52 = }si..kklk53 = rsi..kklk54 = prqi..kklk55 = i×pi..kklk56 = Ni..kklk57 = lÙkki..kklk58 = v Œòi..kklk59 = ,dw.klf Œò60 = lf Œò61 = ,dlf Œò62 = }klf Œò] f}lf Œò63 = rslf Œò] frlf Œò69 = ,dwulÙkfr70 = lÙkfr71 = ,dlÙkkr-

72 = }klÙkfr] f}lÙkfr73 = rslÙkfr] frlÙkfr79 = ,dwuklhfr80 = vlksfr81 = ,dklhfr82 = }svlhfr] f};klhfr84 = prqjklhfr89 = ,dwuuqofr90 = uoqfr92 = }kuoqfr] f}uoqfr93 = rsuoqfr] fruoqfr96 = NUuoqfr99 = ,dwulra100 = lra200 = f}lra300 = frlra400 = prqlra500 = i×plra600 = Nlra900 = uolra1,000 = lgLla2,000 = f}lgLla10,000 = nllgLla100,000 = lrlgLla] yD[ka10,00,000 = nlyD[ka100,00,000 = lryD[ka] dksfV (f)10,00,00,000 = nldksfV (f)100,00,00,000 = lrdksfV101 = ,df/dlra108 = v Œò˜Ùkjlra110 = nlÙkjlra150 = fn ;îôlra250 = v îôrsÕ;lra] fr ;îôlra1,500 = i×plrkf/dlgLla] fn;îôlgLla- /4 = iknks- ¾ = v îô˜îôks1½ = v îô2. Ordinals, – dela[;k First, iBe (adj)

Second, nqfr; (adj)

Third, rfr; (adj)

Fourth, prqRFk (adj)

Fifth, i×pe (adj)

Sixth, NV~< (adj)

Seventh, lÙke (adj)

Eighth, vΘe (adj)

Ninth, uoe (adj)

Tenth, nle (adj)

Eleventh, ,dknle (adj)

Twelfth, }knle (adj)

Thirteenth, rsjle (adj)

Fourteenth, pqíle (adj)

Fifteenth, i×pnle (adj)

Sixteenth, lksGle (adj)

Seventeenth, lÙkjle (adj)

Eighteenth, vΘkjle (adj)

Nineteenth, ,dwuohlfre (adj)

Twentieth, ohlfre (adj)

Thirtieth, flrlfre (adj)

Fourtieth, pÙkkGhlfre (adj)

Fiftieth, i×pklfre (adj)

Sixtieth, lfΘre (adj)

Seventieth, lÙkfre (adj)

Eightieth, vlhfre (adj)

Ninetieth, uofre (adj)

Hundredth, lre (adj)

Hundredth, lre (adj)

The numerals, allmost all of them take all the genders, with the following difference :– (i) ,d] fr] prq take all genders but are declined differently in each gender (ii) f}] i×p] N] lÙk] v Vò] uo] nl are declined alike in all genders but only in the plural.

(iii) ,dwuohlfr to uouoqfr are declined in the singular number and feminine gender only, whatever be the gender of the substantive qualified. The cardinals are treated as ordinary adjectives.

(iv) lr and lgLl may either be used in the neutre gender, or plural in the singular number agreeing only in case with the qualified substantives or as ordinary adjectives agreeing in all respects. For multiples of lr and lgLl, Prefix the word indicating the multiplicator and treat the compound as an adjective e.g. vVòlrk ek.kodkA (v) Multiplicative adverbs are formed by adding D[krqa to the numerals in the sense of so many times e.g. f}D[krqa = twice : The word for ‘once’ is ldnk or lfld.

(vi) Suffix ?kk may be used after numerals in the sense of ways, times, fold etc. ,d/k - once, f}/k - of two kinds : fr/k - in three ways. (vii) lks is a distributive adverbial suffix e.g. ,dlks = one by one; lrlks = by hundreds ; cgqlks in numbers.

(viii) eÙk is added to numerals in the sense of ‘only’ turning them into adjectives e.g. prqeÙkk [kfÙk;k - only four warriors.

(ix) any number plus one-half is expressed by prefixing vMô to the consecutive higher number.

(x) To give the distributive sense a numeral is repeated e.g. ,dsd = each one.

Section 5 Syntax (1) Position of words in a sentence : A sentence may contain any number of words, but a verb must necessarily be there i.e. a sentence must have two portions viz.

(i) the subject dÙkk (ii) the predicate fØ;k iqfjlks l;fr is a complete sentence, iqfjlks being the subject and l;fr the predicate. l;fr being an intransitive verb does not take object, but transitive verbs must necessarily have an object (deZ); therefore a sentence formed with transitive verb consists of three portions, e.g. :

iqfjlks (dÙkk)] :D[ka (deZ)] fNUnfr (fØ;k)

(2) In the above sentence, the subject comes first, object second and the predicate last (In an English sentence the object must come after the predicate). But there are no definite rules about the order of the words in a Pali sentence. (3) Addressing words are very often placed first, in a sentence e.g. (i) HkUrs] beflLe lklus dfr /qjkf u\ (ii) So also with vklqlks (iii) So also with Hkksfr (4) Interrogation is expressed by using interrogative adverbs. (a) Pronouns or particles at the beginning of a sentence :– When there is an interrogative word in a sentence, the addressing word, if there be any, takes the second or last place.

(i) fld dFksfl] Hkkfrdk \ (ii) vi vkoqlks] vEgkda lÙkkja tkukfl \ (iii) fld iu] HkUrs] bnkfu fi fnUus yfHkLlUrh \ (iv) dqflg ;kfl] mikld \ (v) dga xrksa fl] vkoqlks \ (vi) dks rRFk olfr \ (vii) dLek] lks lIiks ,ra u Mfl (b) Interrogation is also expressed by placing the verb first, in a sentence, followed very often by the particle uq- %µ iLlFk uq rqEgs] fHkD[kos] veqa egUra vfXxD[kU/a \

(5) Words of assent are also placed at the beginning of a sentence. Addressing words in such sentences are placed next to the assenting words, e.g. :– vke] lEe] bnkukga fogkja xURok Fksja fnLok vkxrksfEg (6) Extension of predicate, be it a single word, a phrase, or a clause is placed before the verb.

(7) The conditional particles lps] ;fn and the interjections are placed at the beginning of a sentence.

(8) Copulative p and disjunctive ok and the conditional ps are never placed at the beginning of a sentence.

(9) The following indeclinables are used correlatively :- (i) ;Fkk_ rFkk (as : so)

(ii) ;ko_ rko (as longas : until)

(iii) ;nk_ rnk (when : then)

(iv) ;RFk_ rRFk (where : there)

(10) Words qualifying the subject or object, generally come before the subject or object respectively.

Adverbs come before the verbs, but the adverbs of time always come first in a sentence.

(11) An adjective must agree with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case.

(12) A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number and person.

(13) Concord.

(i) The Predicate must agree with the subject in number and person. (ii) When there are several subjects of different persons and one verb in a sentence, the verb is put in the first person plural; and should there be no subject of the first person, the verb is put in the first person plural.

(iii) One subject may have more than one finite verb. (iv) When there are more than one subject connected with, p in a sentence, the verb must be in plural.

(v) When an action of many is the same, but if some of them are introduced by one of the particles lg] lf…u~ or lea or with the instrumental case, the verb follows the subject which is in the nominative.

(vi) When the subject is a collective noun the verb takes the singular form.

Section 6 General conversation - about animals, birds and insects.

1. Dogs watch over their masters’ houses at night. lqu[kk jfÙk;a vÙkuks lkfedkua xsgkfu jD[kUr A

2. People catch elephants and bring them from forests, tame them and get their work done by them. euqLlk vj××krks gRFkh cfU/ok] vkusRok] neRok vÙkkua fdPpkfu dkjkisfUr A

3. Horses, harnessed to the carriages, run with them through the streets. jFkslq ;ksftrk vLlk rs vkd îôUrk fofFk;klq /kofUr A

4. The donkey is able to bear a heavy burden. xíHkks cgqa Hkkja ofgrqa lØïksfr A

5. Camels, loaded with many goods, are able to go through the desert where there is no water. mΘk cgwfu Hk.Mkfu vknk; fu:nddUrkjs xUrqa leRFkk gksfUr A

6. Having climbed the tree, the monkey destoyed the nests of the bird. okujks :D[ka vks:fgRok iD[khua dqykods fouklsfl7. The cat chased the squirrel to the foot of the tree. foGkyks dyUnda xf.grqa #[kewya /kfo A

8. Hunters hunt deer and bring their flesh to be sold in the town. C;kŁkk fexs fofT>Rok eala fofØïf.krqa uxja vkgjfUr A

9. While eating grass the hare saw a man and ran away frightened. fr.ka [kknUrks llks ,da euqLla fnLok Hkhrks iykf; A

10. The cow likes to allow her calf to suck, and does not wish to be milked by others. xkoh lda oPpa ik;srqa bPNfr] u iu ¿ v××ksfg [khjLl nqgua A

11. People take the honey by force which is made with much difficulty by the bees, with the pollen gathered from flowers. ef/djsfg iqIiQjs.koks vkgfjRok fdPNsu dra e/qa euqLlk cyØïkjsu x.gfUr A

12. The parrot pierced the mango with its beak and sucked its juice. lqoks eq[krq.Msu vEciQya fofT>Rok rLlk jla fifo A

13. White ants bring a small quantity of earth at a time and gradually build a big ant-hill. mifpdk Fkksd&Fkksda efÙkda vkusRok vuqØïesu egUra ofEeda djksfUr A

14. Mosquitoes worry people by bitting them and sucking their blood. edlk euqLls MflRok yksfgra fioUrk rs ihGsfUr A

15. In order to catch insects the spider spreads the web made by itself. m..kukfHk [kqítUroks xgsrqa vÙkuk dra tkya iRFkjfr A

16. Ants prepare their homes by digging the earth. fiihfydk Hkwfle [kf.kRok rkla olu Θkua ifr;knsfUr A

17. Attracted by the glare grasshoppers fly into the fire and die there. lyHkk vflXx fnLok rLl o..ksu eksfgrk rRFk ifrRok ejfUr A

18. The pigeons sat on the roof of the house and cooed. ikjkork xsgLl Nnus fulhfnRok jflolq A

19. Many crows flew up and perched on the branches. cgq dkdk vkdkla iD[kfUnRok #D[klk[kklq fuyhfl;lq (fulhflnlq) A

20. Hawks kill small birds and eat them. lsuk [kqíd&ifD[kuks ekjsRok [kknfUr

21. There are ten swans and twenty cranes in that lake. rflLe rGkds nl galk folfr cdk p lfUr A

22. Buffaloes like to wallow in dirty water. efglk l i˜ïs tys fueqfTtrqa bPNfUr A

23. Snakes devour rats, but they (the snakes) are killed by the mungooses. lIik mUnjs fxyfUr rFkk fi rs udqysfg ekjh;fUr A

24. The venom of the scorpion is in its tail, but serpents have their venom at the root of their fangs. fofPNdkua fola u… Œòs gksfr] lIikuae iu fola nkBkewys A

25. Musk is obtained in certain kind of deer which live in the Himalayan region. dRFkwfjdk fgeoUrs olfUr;k ,dk; fextkfr;k yCHkfr A About Trees, Fruits, Flowers, etc.

1. There are many hundred thousands of coconut trees in Ceylon. y˜ïk;a vusd lrlgLll…k ukfGdsj:D[kk lafoTtfUr A

2. Some people plait coconut leaves and thatch their houses with them. ,dPps rsla iÙkkfu ok;sRok rsfg xsgkfu NknsfUr A

3. They draw the sap from the flowers and make intoxicants out of it. rsla iqIiQsfg jla xgsRok eTtkfu lEiknsfUr A

4. They condense the sap by heating it with fire and make treacle and jaggery with it. iqIiQjla vfXxuk rkisRok ?kua dRok iQkf.kra xqGt p lEiknsfUr A

5. They obtain milk and oil from the kernel of the nuts. iQysfg [khja rsy×k p yHkfUr A

6. The water in the young coconut is sweet and cool. r#.kufGdsjkua tya e/qj×kps ¿ ,o lhry×k p A

7. The boys brought down unripe mangoes by throwing sticks at them. nkjdk n.Mkfu f[kfiRok (n.Msfg igkfjRok) vkekuh vEckuh ikrslqa A

8. Jack-fruit, bread-fruit and bananas are found in tropical countries. iulkfu ycqtkfu dnfyiQykfu p m.gkf/dj Θslq lEHkofUr A

9. Grapes and apples grow in countries where there is a mild climate. eqfídk egkcnjk p lelhrq.gslq nslslq tk;fUr A

10. Nut-meg and mace are found in the same fruit. tkfriQy&tkfrdkslk ,dflLe ;s iQys lEHkofUr A

11. Of all kinds of sandalwood the red is the most valuable. pUnuslq jÙkpUnua egX?kre A

12. Cardamoms are a kind of small seed which have a pungent taste. ,Gk fr ,dk dVqdjlk [kqíd chttkfr A

13. The jujubes of Ceylon are smaller than those of India. y˜ïk; cnjkfu tEcqnhis cnjsfg [kqídrjkfu gksfUr A

14. The father brought grapes and oranges, and divided them amongst his sons and daughters. firk eqfídkfu tEchjkfu p vkgfjRok vÙkuks iqÙk&/hrjkua HkktsRok vnkfl A

15. Dates are imported to Ceylon from foreign countries. egk[kTtjhiQykfu fonslsfg y˜ïa vkgjh;fUr A

16. The boys bought some ripe marmelos and gave them to their sisters. nkjdk iØïkfu csyqokfu fdf.kRok rsla Hkkfxuhua vnalq A

17. Prince Siddharth was born under a sal tree; he became Buddha at the foot of a bo-tree. fl…RFkdqekjks lky:D[kewys tkrks] vLlRFk:D[kewys cq…ks Hkfo A

18. Bring cucumbers and snake-gourds from the market and prepare curries. vki.krks dØïkjhiQykfu iVksykfu p vkgfjRok O;×tukfu lEiknsfg A

19. Champak flowers have an agreeable smell, but the flowers of pentapets phoenicea are without any smell. pEidiqIiQkfu euq××kxUŁkkfu gksfUr_ t;lqeuiqIiQkfu fuXxU/kfu A

20. The timber of the iron-wood tree is very hard, its flowers are exceedingly sweet scented. ukx:D[kLl nk: vfrFk…a] iqIiQkfu vfrl;su lqxU/kfu A

21. The varana tree looks like a dead tree when its leaves have fallen. oj.k:D[kks iÙkkua xfyrdkys lqD[k:D[kks fo; i××kk;fr A

22. Betel and arecanuts, constantly used for chewing by the Indians, are unknown in European countries. tEcqnhfidsfg eq[koklRFkk; fuPplsforkfu rEcwykfu iqxkuh p ;qjksih;j Œòslq v××krkfu A

About a dwelling house

1. Open the door and the windows of room. ee xCHks }kjs okr;ukfu foojkfg A

2. She asked him to prepare mutton for breakfast. ikrjklRFkk; ,Gdeala ipkgh ^fr* lk ra okfn3. The servants covered the table with a cloth and set plates and spoons on it. lscdks HkkstuiQyda vRFkfjRok rRFk dals ps dVPNq p Fkkisfl A

4. Do you like yam. Roa dUns Hkqf×trqa bPNkfe \

5. No, like curd. u] vga nf/ Hkqf×trqa bPNkfe6. The children shouted ‘we like to drink milk’. ^e;a [khja fiforqa bPNkHkk* bfr nkjdk mUuflnlq7. One person said the taste of mutton-curry was not palatable. ealO;T“uLl jlks u lqUnjks fr ,dks ofn A

8. Bring me some salt and fresh butter quickly. Fkksda yo.ka uksuhra p lh?ka vkgjkfg A

9. Standing on the threshold of the kitchen, the mistress of the house called the cook. ?kj.kh jlofr;k mEekjs BRok lwna vkeUrsfl A

10. Every morning the servant women sweep the comopunds and remove the dirt. nkfl;ks lCcnk ikrks xsg˜ıukfu lEefTtRok dpoja viusfUr A

11. The girl put rice into a pot, placed it upon the fire and kindled the fire. nkfjdk ikfr;a r.Mqys ifD[kfiRok m…ua vkjksisRok vflXx tkysfl A

12. The maiden will scrape the coconut with a scraper and extract the juice by squeezing it. r#.kh l.gdj.kh;k ukfydsjfe××ka l.ga dRok efíRok jla xf.gLlfr A

13. The master told the attendant to spread a bed-sheet on the bed and put some pillows on it. e×ps vRFkj.ka vRFkfjRok fcEcksgukfu Fkkisgh fr lkfedks mi Œòkda vkg A

14. Having done so, he spread a mat before the bed and put a carpet upon the mat. lks rFkk dRok e×pLl iqjrks fdyT“a iRFkfjRok rLl ¿ mQifj ,da dkstoa fi vRFkfj15. The house holder said that the furniture in the house should be taken out and cleaned. xsgs nk#Hk.Mkfu cfg uhgfjRok lks/srCckuh fr xgifr vofn A

16. He bought bricks, tiles and timber in order to build a new house. lks uoa xsga dkjsrqa fx×tdk p pnfu Œòdk p nk#lkjkfu p fd.kh A

17. Masons raised the walls, and carpenfers did the wood work, so that the building was soon completed. bVòoMôfduks fHkfÙk;h fpuUrk nk#oMôfduks nk:dEea djksUrk lh?ka ,o ,sga fu VòkislqaA

18. The daughter locked the door, and taking the key with her, went to the well for a bath. f/rk }kja finfgRok dqf×pda vknk; ugkuRFkk; dwia vxekflA About a City

1. Cities generally have ramparts, moats, gates and watch-towers. uxjkfu iu cgqlks ikdkj&ifj[kk&xksiqj Vðkysfg ;qÙkkfu gksfUrA

2. In them are many streets and lanes, gardens and houses of many description. rslq cgw [kqíd egUrk ohfFk;ks] mÕ;kukfu ukukfo?k?kjkfu p lfUrA

3. The streets of a city are crowded with horses, carriages, carts and pedestrains. uxjohfFk;ks vLlsfg jFksfg ldVsfg ifFkdsfg p vkfd..kk gksfUrA

4. When the horse races are held rich and poor assemble in large numbers at the race course. vLl/kous oÙkekus cgoks /uoUrk fu…uk p vLle.Mys leksljfUrA

5. In the evenings drunkards get together at taverns and drink intoxicants. lqjklks.Mk lk;.gslq ikuefUnjslq lfUuifrRok eTta fiofUrA

6. The municipal authorities get water from distant places to fill the reservoirs and distribute water among citizens through pipes. uxjikfydk nwj Vòkurks mnda vusRok tykl;s iwjsRok ukGeXxsfg ukxfjdkua mnda HkktsfUrA

7. In cities there are prisons surrounded with massive walls. uxjslq egUrsfg ikdkjsfg ifjfD[ kÙkk cU/ukxkjk lfUrA

8. To-night they will drive in a carriage to the theatre and watch the performance. rs vTt jfÙk;k vLljFksu uPplkya xURok uPÓ vksyksdsLlfUr9. Those who come from foreign countries visit the museum. ijnslsfg vkxPNUrk ,dUrsu dqrwgylkya ifLlrqa xPNfUrA

10. Travelling by tram-car the compositor arrived at the printing press. o..k;kstdks foTtqjFksu xURok eqí.duky;a lEekiqf.kA

11. In the evening the sons and daughters of the rich, accompanied by their friends, walk in the parks. /ouUrkua iqÙk /hrjks lk;.gslq vÙkuks vÙkuks lgk;sfg lfl… mÕ;kuslq vfg.MfUrA

12. More than twenty thousand people come by train to anuradhapure on Poson full-moon days. tsVòiq..kfe;a ohlfrlgLlkf/dk euqLlk /wejFksfg vuqjk/iqja vkxPNfUrA

13. The kings palace and the palatila buildings of the ministerse are situated in the heart of the city. j××kks p ¿ ,o jktkePpku×k~ p iklknk uxjLl eT>Hkkxs ifrf VòrkA

14. Sentinels shut the city gates at night and take their stand on the watch tower. jfÙk;a uxj}kjkfu FkdsRok vkjD[kdk v Vðkyslq fr VòfUrA

15. When people die in the city their relations carry the corpses to a cemetery and either cremate or bury them. vUrksuxjs euqLlslq erslq rsla ×kkrdk erlfjjkfu lqlkua usRok >kisfUr fi] (Hkwfe;a) fu[k.kfUr fiA

16. Scavengers and potters live in the suburbs outside the city. uxjlks/ dk dqEHkdkjkn;ks p uxjrks cfg miuxjslq olfUrA

17. During the night the streets of the cities are illuminated with electric lights or some other kind of lights. jfÙk;a uxjohfFk;ks foTtqIinhiknhfg vkyksfdrk] gksfUrA

18. Our mayor will go round the city at about four o’clock this evening. vEgkda uxjxqfÙkdks vTt prq?kfVdk;a uxja infD[k.ka dfjLlfrA

19. On Monday the king accompanied by a large retinue and harem will visit the pleasure garden outside the city. jktk egrk ifjckjsu vksjks/su p lg pUnokjs uxjrks mÕ;kua xfeLlfrA

20. It is rumoured that a prisoner had murdered the jailor by striking him with a cudgel. ,dks oT>IiÙkks dkjkikyda eqXxjsu igfjRok ekjslh fr lw;rsA Government affairs

1. The kings orders should not be voilated. jktqua vk.kk u vfrØïferCckA

2. Those who break the law receive various punishments. ;s jktkua vfrØïefUr rs ukukdkjsfg n.Mua yHkfUrA

3. In olden days, soldiers, wearing defensive armour and carrying shields and other weapons, fought with swords, javelins, bows and so forth. iqCcs iu ;ks/k lUukglUu…k iQydkoq/gRFkk vfl&lfÙk&/uqvknhfg ;qflT>lqA

4. Now they mostly fight with fire-arms. bnkfu rs cgqlks vfXxIigj.ksfg ;qT>fUrA

5. The armies of the kings of old consisted of four divisions, namely, war elephants, cavalry, war-chariots, and infantry. iksjk.kjktwua ;q…lsuk gfRFk&vLl&jFkifÙkolsu prqjf˜ıuh vgksflA

6. At present, artillery has taken the place of war elephants. beflLe dkys gfRFklsuk;s Bkus ukfG;Urlsuk fr VòfrA

7. Having built fortresses at many places in Ceylon, King Dutthagamini fought against the Tamils. nqVòxkfeuh egkjktk y˜ı;a ukukBkuslq [kUŁkkokjs cfU/Rok nfeGsfg ;qfT>A

8. A rebel named Tiya, having collected an army with the wealth plundered from the shrines, made havoc in Ceylon. rh;ks uke nkefjdks psfr;kfu fHkfUnRok /ua xgsRok lsua lagfjRok y˜ïk;a egUra foyksia vdkflA

9. Two thousand two hundred years ago an emperor called Dharmasoka ruled India. brks f}lrkf/dkua f}Uua oLllgLlkua mifj /Eelksdks uke jktkf/jkt tEcqnhia ikysflA

10. The ministers sit in the council-chamber to discuss the affairs of Government. vePpk efUrlHkk; lfUuifrRok jTtfdPpkfu eUr;fUrA

11. The general led his army to the battle-field. peqifr vÙkuks lsuk; ;q…kHkwfle vxekflA

12. The allied army retreated to their own quarters when the hostile army advanced. ;nk lÙkqlsuk vCHkqÕ;kfl rnk feÙklsuk lda [kU/kokja iPpqÕ;kflA

13. King Prasenjit defeated the army of Ajatasatru the king of Magadha, and captured him alive. jktk ilsufn ex/j××kks vtkrlÙkquks lsua ijktsRok ra thoxkga xf.gA

14. A battle-ship carrying a large number of mariners from China reached Colombo harbour while sailing west wards. ,dk ;q…ukok phijVòks cgq ukfod;ks/s xgsRok ifPNefnla xPNfUr dksGEcfrFka ikiqf.kA

15. The envoys who started from Japan on the second day after the new moon of the month of Citra, reached Siam on the 14th of the same fortnight. tiku&nlsrks fpÙkeklLl lqØïiD[ks nqfr;k;a fuD[kUrk jktnwrk rflLe ;so iD[ks prqífl;a L;kej Vòa lEikiq.khalqA

16. Once an insane woman attempted to nurder the premier of Italy.