पुस्तक III

performance of action is implied :– e.g., lps nsoks ofLlLl /××ka p fr.ka p mIifTtLl – when it rains then there will be corn and grass. Each mood has its own verbal termination depending on the number and person.

Verbs in Groups, ukuk[;krink Present Past Participle Absolutive 1st Singular (declinable) (The Gerund) Abuses, vØïkslfr vDdqVò vØïksflRok Ails, :tfr µ :ftRok Anoints, v×tfr vf×tr vf×tRok Appears, i××kk;fr i××kkr i××kkf;Rok Ascends, vk:gfr vk:Ÿg vk#Õg Assembles, lfUuirfr lfUuifrr lfUuifrRok Associates, lsofr] Hktfr lsfor] Hkftr lsfoRok] HkftRok Attempts, mLlgfr µ mLlfgRok Awakes, icqT>fr icq… icqfT>Rok Awakens, icks/sfr icksf/r icks/sRok Balances, rqysfr rqfyr rqysRo Bathes, ugk;fr ugkr ugkf;Rok Bears, ogfr ofgr] oqŸg ofgRok Beats, igjfr igV igfjRok Becomes, Hkofr] gksfr Hkwr HkfoRok] gqRok Becomes established, ifrVòfr ifrfVòr ifrVòk; Becomes full, vkiwjfr vkiq..k vkiwfj; Becomes purified, folqT>fr folq… folqfT>Rok Begs, ;kpfr ;kfpr ;kfpR;k Begins, vkjHkfr vkj… vkjC/] vkjfHkRok Behoves, oVðfr µ µ

Believes, lígfr] lífgr] lnfgRok] flcLllfr foLlRFk foLlflRok Binds, cU/fr c… cfU/;

Bites, nlfr nVò nkfLlRok Blows (wind), ok;fr okf;r okf;Rok (with mouth), /efr /Ur /feRok Breaks, fHkUnfr fHkUu fHkfUn; Hk×tfr HkXx Hkf×t;

Brings, vkgjfr vkgV vkgfjRok Brings-up, ikslsfr iksflr iksfl; Buries, fu[k.kfr fu[kkr fu[kf.kRok Burns (v.i.) nkÕgfr nMô MfÕgRok (v.t.) ngfr nMô nfgRok Buys, fd.kkfr Øhr fdf.kRok Carries, gjfr gV gfjRok Ceases, fuDÙkfr] fuofÙkr fuofÙk; fu:T>fr fu:… fu:fT>Rok Collects, vksfp.kkfr vksfpr vksfpfuRok mifpukfr mifpr mifpfuRok Combines, la;kstsfr la;qÙk la;kstsRok Comes, vkxPNfr vkxr vkxURok] vkxEe Comes-in, ifolfr ifoVò ifoflRok Comes-into-existence, mIiTtfr mIiUu mIifTtRok Comes-out, fuD[kefr fuD[kUr fuD[kEe Composes, jp;fr jfpr jpf;Rok Conceals, xksisfr xqÙk xksisRo ifVPNknsfr ifVPNUu ifVPNkfn; Concentrates, lekngfr lekfgr leknfgRok Covers, Nknsfr NUu] Nfnr NfnRok] Nkfn; Creates, ekisfr ekfir ekisRok] fufEe.kkfr fufEer fufEef.kRok

Cries, jksnfr µ jksfnRok Crosses (a stream), rjfr fr..k rfjRok Cures, frfdPNfr frfdfPNr frfdfPN; Cuts, fNUnfr fNUu fNfUnRok Dances, uPpfr µ ufpRok Decides, fuPNsfr fufPNr fufPN;

Decorates, e.Msfr ef.Mr e.MsRok vy˜ïjksfr vy˜ïr vyMïfjRok Defeats, ijktsfr ijkftr ijkft;

Deprives of, oksjksisfr oksjksfir oksjksfi; Descends, vks:gfr vks:Ÿg vks#fgRok] vks:Õg Dies, ejfr er efjRok Digest, thjsfr ft..k thjsRok Digs, [k.kfr [kr [kf.kRok Disappears, vUrj?kk;fr vUrjfgr vUrj?kkf;Rok Disputes, foonfr foofnr foofnRok Divides, Hkktsfr% Hkkftr HkktsRok foHktfr foHkÙk foHkft;

Does, djksfr dr dRok] dfjRok Drags, vkdMôfr vkdfMôr vkdfMôRok Dries, (v.t.) lqD[kkisfr lqD[kkfir lqD[kkisRok (v.i.) lqLlfr lqD[k lqfLlRok Drinks, fiofr ihr fifoRok Dwells, olkZrs oqRFk oflRok Dwindles, ifjgk;fr ifjghu ifjgkf;Rok Eats, Hkq×tfr] vLukfr HkqÙk] vflr Hkqf×t;] vnfr µ vfnRok Emerges from water, mÙkjfr mfÙk..k mÙkfjRok Enshrines, fungfr funfgr] fufgr funfgRok Enters, ifolfr ifoVq ifoflRok

Establishes, (v.t.) ifrVòkisfr] ifrVòkfir ifrVòkfi; (v.i.) ifrVòfr ifrfVòr ifrVòk; Exists, ioÙkfr ioÙk] iofÙkr ioÙksRok Falls, irfr ifrr ifrRok Fears, Hkk;fr Hkhr Hkkf;Rok Feels, osnsfr osfnr osfnf;Rok Fights, ;qT>fr ;qfT>r ;qfT>Rok Fills (v.t.), iwjsfr iwfjr iwjsRok (v.i.) iqjfr iq..k iwfjRok Flees, iyk;fr iykr iykf;Rok Flies, mMósfr mfMór mMóh;Rok Floats (v.i.) oqÕgfr owŸg oqfÕgRok (v.t.) Iykosfr Iykfor IykosRok mIIyofr mIIyfor mIiyfoRok Flows, iX?kjfr iX/fjr iX/fj; lUnfr lfUnr lfUnRok Folds, lagjfr lagV lagfjRok Follows, vuqxPNfr vuqxr vuqxURok Forbears, lgfr lfgr lfgRok vf/oklsfr vf/okflr vf/oklsRok Forgets, ieqLlfr ieqVò ieqfLlRok Forgives, [kefr [kUr [kfeRok Forsakes, ptfr] pÙk pftRok itgfr] itfgr igk;] itfg;

tgkfr tfgr tfgRok Gets, yHkfr] y… y…k] yfHkRok vf/xPNfr vf/xr vf/xURok Gives, nnkfr] nsfr fnUu nRok] nfnRok Gives in charge, fuÕ;knsfr fuÕ;kfnr fuÕ;knsRok Goes, xPNfr] ;kfr xr] ;kr xURok Goes ashore, ikja xPNfr ikj˜ır ikj˜ıRok rjfr fr..k rfjRok Goes out, fuD[kefr fuD[kUr fuD[kEe Governs, vuqikysfr vuqikfyr vuqikysRok

Grows, (v. i.) oMôfr oqMô ofMôRok (v. t.) oMôsfr ofMôr oMôsRok Grows up, :gfr :Ÿg :fgRok Hangs, (v. i.) vksyEcfr vksyXx vksyfEcRok (v. t.) vksyEcsfr vksyfEcr vksyEcsRok Happens, flT>fr fl… µ Hears, lq.kkfr] lq.kksfr lqr lqRok] lqf.kRok Heats, rkisfr rkfir] rÙk rkisRok Honours, iwtsfr] ekusfr iwftr] ekfur iwtsRok] ekusRok Identifies, lUrhjsfr lUrhfjr lUrhjsRok Illuminates, vksHkklsfr vksHkkflr vksHkklsRok tksrsfr tksfrr tksrsRok Imitates, vuqdjksfr vuqdr vuqdfjRok Imprisons, jks/fr jksf/r jksf/; Interprets, vuqoknsfr vuqokfnr vuqoknsRok Interrogates, iqPNfr iqVò] iqfPNr iqfPNRok vuqfoTtfr vuqfofTtr vuqfofTtRok Interrupts, mifPNUnfr mifPNUu mifPNTt Is, Hkofr] vfRFk Hkwr HkfoRok Is able, lØïksfr µ lØï˜f.kRok Judges, rhjsfr rhfjr rhjsRok fofuPNsfr fofufPNr fofuPN;

Jumps, iD[kUnfr iD[kUr iD[kfUnRok Keeps, Fkkisfr Fkkfir FkkisRok Kills, ekjsfr ekfjr ekjsRok ?kkrsfr ?kkfrr ?kkrsRok gufr gr gURok Kindles, tkysfr tkfyr tkysRok Knits, xUFksfr xfUFkr xUFksRok Knows, tkukfr ×kkr ×kkRok Laments, foyifr µ foyfiRok Laughs, glfr gVò gflRok Lays aside, fufØïifr fufD[kÙk fufD[kfiRok Leads, usfr uhr usRok] uhRok

Learns, mXx.gkfr mXxfgr mXxgsRok] mXxf.g; Lifts up, mPpkjsfr mPpkfjr mPpkjsRok mfD[kifr mfD[kr mfD[kfiRok Lives, ftofr µ thfoRok Looks, iLlfr fnVò iflRok vksyksdsfr vksyksfdr vksyksfd; Manifests, ikrqHkofr ikrqHkwr ikrqHkfoRok Measures, fe.kkfr fer fef.kRok Moves, pyfr pfyr pfyRok Nurses, vkiknsfr vkikfnr vkiknsRok Observes, jD[kfr jfD[kr jfD[k; ifViTtfr ifViUu ifVifTtRok Obtains, vf/xPNfr vf/xr vf/xURok Opens, foojfr fooV foofjRok Oppresses, ihGsfr ihfGr ihGsRok Originates, mIiknsfr mIikfnr mIifnRok fuCcÙksfr fuCcfÙkfr fuCcÙksRoka Perishes, fouLlfr fouVò foufLlRok Plays, dhGfr] jefr jr dhfGRok] jfeRok Pleases, rqLlfr rqVò rqfLlRok Ploughs, dlfr dVò dflRok Pounds, dksVðsfr dksfVðr dksfVðRok Praises, vfHkRFkofr vfHkRFkqr vfHkRFkfo; Preaches, nslsfr nsflr nslsRok Prepares, lTtsfr lfTtr lTtsRok Prints, eqísfr eqfír eqísRok Promises, ifVtkukfr ifV××kkr ifVtkfuRok ifVLlq.kkfr ifVLlqr ifVLlqRok Protects, ikysfr ikfyr ikysRok Prevents, fuokjsfr fuokfjr fuokjsRok Purifies, folks/sfr folksf/r folks/sRok lEilknsfr lEilkfnr lEilkfn; Purges, fojspsfr fofjÙk fojspsRok Pushes away, iuqnfr iuqfnr iuqfnRok Rains, oLlfr oVò ofLlRok Raises, mVòkisfr mVòkfir mVòkisRok

Reads, iBfr ifBr ifBR;k Recites, lT>k;fr lT>kf;r lT>kf;Rok Regains, ifVyHkfr ifVy… ifVyfHkRok Remembers, vuqLljfr vuqLlfjr vuqLlfjRok Resolves, vf/Vòkfr vf/Vòr vf/Vòk; Returns (v.i.) ifVfuoÙkfr ifVfuoÙk ifVfuofÙkRok iPpkaxPNfr iPpkxr iPpkxURok Rises, mVòkfr mfVòr mVòk; Roars, unfr µ ufnRok Runs, /kofr µ /kfoRok Says, onfr oqÙk oRok Hkklfr Hkkflr HkkflRok dFksfr dfFkr dFksRok Seeks, xoslfr xosflr xosflRok ifj;slfr ifj;sflr ifj;sfl; Sees, iLlfr fnVò ifLlRok] fnLok Sells, fofØï.kkfr fofØïr fofØïf.kRok Sends, islsfr isflr islsRok Sets fire, >kisfr >kfir >kisRok Sews, flCcfr flfCcr flCcsRok Shakes, dEisfr dfEir dEisRok pkysfr pfyr pkysRok Shines, fojkspfr fojksfpr fojksfpRok vksHkklfr vksHkkflr vksHkkflRok Shoots, foT>fr fo… fofT>Rok Shows, nLlsfr nfLlr nLlsRok Shuts, ingfr fifgr finfgRok Sings, xk;fr xkf;r xkfrRok Sinks, (v.i.), fueqTtfr fueqXx fueqfTtRok Sits, fulhnfr fuflUu fulhfn; Sleeps, l;fr µ lf;Rok fuík;fr µ fuíkf;Rok Smells, ?kk;fr ?kkf;r ?kkf;Rok Sows, ddpsj] fNUnfr fNUu fNfUnRok

Spends, foLltsfr foLlVò foLlTtsRok Spreads, (v.i.) iRFkjfr iRFkV iRFkfjRok (v.t.) foRFkkjsfr foRFkr foRFkkjsRok Springs up, mfCHkTtfr mfCHkUu mfCHkTt Stands, frVòfr fBr BRok Steals, pksjsfr] Fksusfr pksfjr] Fksfur pksfjRok] FksusRok Strews, fofdjfr fofd..k fofdfjRok Strings, vkoq.kfr vkoqr vkoqf.kRok Stumbles, iD[kyfr iD[kfyr iD[kfyRok Swallows, fxyfr fxfyr fxfyRok Sweeps, lEeTtfr lEeVò lEefTtRok Swoons, eqPNfr eqfPNr eqfPNRok Takes, vknkfr vkfnUu vknk;] vkfnf;Rok x.gkfr xfgr xgsRok] xf.g;

Takes down, vksrkjsfr vksrkfjr vksrkjsRok vksjksisfr vksjksfir vksjksfi; Tastes, lk;fr lkf;r lkf;Rok Teaches, mXx.gkisfr mXx.gkfir mXx.gkisRok flD[kkisfr fl[kkfir fl[kkisRok Thinks, fpUrsfr fpfUrr fpUrsRok Threatens, rTtsfr rfTtr rTtsRok Throws, f[kifr f[kÙk f[kfiRok Touches, iqQlfr iqQVò iqQflRok Trains, flD[kkisfr flD[kkfir flD[kkfi; nesfr nfer nfe;

Translates, ifjoÙksfr ifjofÙkr ifjoÙksr Trembles, dEifr dfEer dfEiRok Turns, oVðsfr ofVðV oVðsRok Understands, cqTtfr cqT> cqfT>Rok Unfolds, ilkjsfr ilkfjr ilkfj; Vomits, oefr ofer ofeRok Waits for, vkxesfr µ vkxesRok Walks, pjfr µ pfjRok Wanders, vkfg.Mfr µ vkfgf.MRok

Washes, ?kksofr ?kksr ?kksfoRok Wears on, fuoklsfr fuoRFk fuoklsRok Weaves, foukfr ohr fofuRok Wins, ftukfr ftr ftfuRok Wishes, bPNfr bfPNr bfPN;

Wraps, osBsfr osfBr osBsRok Writes, fy[kfr fyf[kr fyf[kRok Yokes, ;kstsfr ;qÙk ;kstsRok] ;ksft;

III. The Participles /krqlkf/rsa The participles are either verbal adjectives, agreeing with the qualified nouns in gender, number and case or indeclinables. As usual with verbs they are classified according to tenses, as present, past and future: The Future Participle is less commonly met with. The Past Particple is the declinable past passive participle and is formed by r or br to the root. The Pali Past Participles, listed above, are all from the Sanskrit forms directly, with modification. The past participles are used as adjective and are declined like cq… (m); iQy (n); d××kk (f): The Indeclinable Past Participle also called the Absolutive (Pali-Course) or the Gerund (English Grammar) are formed by adding Rok to the root. They are dealt with under Nipata or vO;;The Infinitive of purpose is the same thing as rqeUr vO;; and is indeclinable.

(1) Present Participles : Addition of vUr or eku to a root forms Present Participle (masculine) and are declined HkxoUr_ cq…xe µ xPN $ vUr ¾ xPNUr_ xPN~ $ eku ¾ xPNeku nn µ on~ $ vUr ¾ onUr_ on $ eku ¾ oneku da[k µ da[k~ $ vUr ¾ da[kUr_ da[k $ eku ¾ da[keku yHk µ yHk~ $ vUr ¾ yHkUr_ yHk $ eku ¾ yHkeku #n µ jksn~ $ vUr ¾ jksnUr_ jksn $ eku ¾ jksneku lqi µ lqi~ $ vUr ¾ lqiUr_ lqi $ eku ¾ lqieku nk µ nn~ $ vUr ¾ nnUr] nsUr_ nn $ eku ¾ nneku gk µ tg~ $ vUr ¾ tgUr_ tg $ eku ¾ tgeku dq/ µ dqT>~ $ vUr ¾ dqT>Ur_ dqT> $ eku ¾ dqT>eku ;q/ µ ;qT>~ $ vUr ¾ ;qT>Ur_ ;qT> $ eku ¾ ;qT>eku

lq µ (Jq) lq.k~ $ vUr ¾ lq.kUr_ lq.k $ eku ¾ lq.keku ld (’kd~) lØïksUr ¾ iqPN µ iqPN~ $ vUr ¾ iqPNUr_ iqPN $ eku ¾ iqPNeu ej µ ej~ $ vUr ¾ ejUr_ ej $ eku ¾ ejeku Hkaqt µ Hkaqt~ $ vUr ¾ Hkq×tUr_ Hkq×teku dj µ (Ñ) dj~ $ vUr ¾ djksUr xg µ x.g $ vUr ¾ x.gUr_ x.g $ eku ¾ x.geku fo $ dh µ fofØïj.k~ $ vUr ¾ fofØï.kUr_ fofØï.k $ eku ¾ fofØï.keku pqj µ pksj;~ $ vUr ¾ pksj;Ur_ pksj; $ eku ¾ pksj $ vUr ¾ pksjsUr dFk µ dFk;~ $ vUr ¾ dFk;Ur_ dFks $ vUr ¾ dFksUr_ dFk; $ eku ¾ dFk;eku Addition of vrh] vUrh ekuk] to the verbal root forms Feminine Present Participle :– xe µ xPN~ $ vrh ¾ xPNrh_ xPNUrh_ xPNekuk on µ on~ $ vrh ¾ onrh_ onUrh_ onekuk Thye are declined d[k µ da[k~ $ vrh ¾ da[krh_ da[kUrh_ da[kekuk like, xPNrh] xPNUrh yHk µ yHk~ $ vrh ¾ yHkrh_ yHkUrh_ yHkekuk The neuter Present Participle is formed by adding vUr and eku to the root and is declined like iQy.

(2) The Future Participle, not very common, is formed by inserting bLl between the verbal base (/krq˜ı) and the termination vUr or eku of the Present Participle, e.g. :– ip $ bLl $ vUr ¾ ifpLlUr ¾ who will be cooking ifpLleku ¾ – Masculine forms.

ip $ bLl $ vrh ¾ ifpLlrh_ ifpLlUrh – Feminine forms ir $ bLl $ vUr ¾ ifpLlUra ¾ ifpLlUra iQya] a fruit about to fall – Neuter forms.

(3) The declinable Past Participles are often referred as declinable Past Passive Participles. They are formed by adding r or br to the verbal

root. For convenience and easy understanding a list of Past Participles with their genders are given below :– Root Masculine Feminine Neuter Gender Gender Gender xe xrks xrk xra ue urks urk ura iqPN iqfPNrks] iqVòks iqfPNrk] iqVòk iqfPNra] iqVòa fnl fnVòks fnVòk fnVòa uh uhrks uhrk uhra Bk] frVò fBrks fBrk fBra gu grs grk gra ik ihrks ihrk ihra yHk y…ks y…k y…a xg xfgrks xfgrk xfgra dj drks drk dra vk $ jHk vkj}ks vkj}k vkj}a nk nÙkks] fnUuks nÙkk] fnUuk nÙka] fnUua vk $ :g vk:Ÿgks vk:Ÿgk vk:Ÿga vks $ yksd vksyksfdrks vksyksfdrk vksyksfdra [kkn [kkfnrks [kkfnrk [kkfnra f[ki f[kÙkks f[kÙkk f[kÙka pj pfjrks] fp..kks pfjrk] fp..kk pfjra] fp..ka fNn fNUuks fNUuk fNUua ×kk ×kkrks ×kkrk ×kkra /kso /ksforks /ksfork /ksfora Ugk ugkrks] Ugkrks ugkrk] Ugkrk ugkra] Ugkra cq… cq…ks cq…k cq…a Hkkl Hkkflrks Hkkflrk Hkkflra ej erks erk era eqp eqÙkks eqÙkk eqÙka ;kp ;kfprks ;kfprk ;kfpra jD[k jfD[krks jfD[krk jfD[kra ol oflrks] oqflrks oqflrk] oqflrk oflra] oqflra

(4) The Potential Passive Participles are used to denote some action which is fit or proper to be done e.g., the students should get up at dawn ek.kodsfg iPpwldkys mf VòrCc- Here the subject must be in the instrumental while the participle must agree with the object in gender, number, and case. If there is no object then the participle must be in Neuter, Nominative, Singular e.g. :– jD[k µ jfD[krCc] jD[kuh;] jfD[k;

oan µ ofUnrCc] oUnuh;] lafn; (oU;)

fNn µ NsrCc] Nsnuh;] fNfUnrCc lq µ lksrCc] lqf.krCc] lo.kh;

dFk µ dFkf;rCc] dFksrCc] dFkuh;

iwt µ iwtf;rCc] iwtsrCc] iwtuh;] iqTt IV. Some adverbial phrases, interjections and addressing forms.

Ah ! Alas ! gk] vgks Anyhow, ;su dsufp vkdkjsu By how much, fdÙkkork By this much, ,Ùkkork For a long time, fpjk;

Hail ! t;rq!

In many places, cgqRFk In one place, ,dRFk In one way, ,d/k In two ways, f}/k In three ways, fr/k In four ways, prq/k In five ways, i×p/k In six ways, N/k In seven ways, lÙk/k In eight ways, vVò/k In nine ways, uo/k In ten ways, nl/k Twice, f}D[kraq Four times, prqD[kÙkqa Six times, ND[kÙkqa Twenty times, ohlfrd[kÙkqa Thousand times, lgLlD[kÙkqa How many times, dfrD[kÙkqa \ Well done, lk/q ! l/q !

What else, v××ka fld \ In hundred ways, lr/k In many ways, cgq/k In how many ways, dfr/k In every way, lCc/k In both ways, mHk;Fkk In another way, v××kFkk In the other way, brjFkk In another place, v××knk In both places, mHk;RFk In another day, v××knk In the presence of, lEeq[kk In the absence of, ijEeq[kk

Look here, b˜~/ Methinks, e××ks My dear, Hkks] vEeks] vkoqlks] lEe] ekfjl Revered Sir, HkUrs] HknUrs Sir, lkfe] vÕ;s Shame, f/! f/jRFkq Thrice, frD[kÙkqa Five times, i×pD[kÙkqa Ten times, nlD[kÙkqa Hundred times, lrD[kÙkqa Many times, cgqD[kÙkqa My Lord, nso Adverbs of Time , dkyHksnk Afternoon, vij.gks Afterwards, iPNk Always, lnk] fuPpa (Ind.)

Dawn, v:.kks] v:.kksn;ks Day, fnolks Day after to-morrow, ijulqoks (Ind.) Day before yesterday, ijgh;ks (Ind.) Day time, fnoldkyks One day, ,dnk (Ind.)

Early morning, iPpwlks Evening, lk;a Fast-day, miksl;ks Formerly, iqCcs] iqjk (Ind.) Fore-noon, iqCc.gks Fortnight, v…eklks] iD[kks Fullmoon day, i..kjlh (f)

Future, vukxrks Hour, ?kfVdk Mid-day, eT>.gks Midnight, fulhFkks Minute, eqgqÙkks] [k.kks Month, eklks Morning, iHkkrks]

In the morning, ikrks Moment, [k.kks Night, jfÙk (f)

First watch of night, iB;;keks Last watch ofnight, ifPNe;keks Middle watch of night, efT>e;keks New-moon-day, vekolh (f)

Now, bnkfu (Ind.)

Rainy-season, oLluks Season, mrq] (m, f)

Second, vPNjk Spring, olUrks Summer, fxEgkuks Time, dkyks Past time, vrhrks Present time, iPpqIiUuks To-day, vTt (Ind.)

To-morrow, lqos (Ind.)

Week, lÙkkgks Winter, gseUrks Year, ljnks] laoPNja Yesterday, gh;ks] fgÕ;ks

V. General Conversation , lk/kj.k lŠkiksA

1. Do you know Pali ? Roa ikfyHkkla tkukfl\A

2. I know a little; vga Fkksda tkukfeA

3. Are you able to converse in Pali ? lØïksfl Roa ikfyHkklk; lŠfirqa\A

4. Yes, I am able to converse a little : vke] Fkksda lŠfirqa lØïksfeA

5. What is your name ? ;qÕga ukea fld\ fldeks ukesfl\A

6. My name is Vijayabahu; vga fot;ckgw ukeks fEgA

7. Where do you live ? Roa dFka olfl\A

8. I live in Colombo; vga dksGEcuxjs oflfeA

9. What is your age ? rqÕga vk;qIiek.kka fdÙka\A

10. My age is fifteen eÕga vk;qIiek.ka i..kjlA

11. How old are you ? dfroLlksfl Roa (vk;quk)\A

12. I am twenty years old; vga ohlfr oLlks¿fEgA

13. Where do your parents live ?

rqÕga ekrkfirjks dqflg olfUr\A

14. They too live in Colombo now ?

rs fi bnkfu dksGEcuxjs ;so olfUrA

15. Do you have brothers and sisters too ? rqÕga Hkkrq Hkfxuh;ks fi lfUr\A

16. Yes, I have four brothers and two sisters : vke] eÕga pÙkkjks Hkkrjksp }s Hkfxfu;ks p lfUrA

17. What do your brothers do ? ro Hkkrjks fld djksfUr\A

18. One of them is a merchant, the second one is a clerk and the other two still attend schools;

rslq ,dks okf.ktks] nqfr;ks ys[kdks] }s rko ikBlkyklq mXx.gfUr-A

19. What do you like to be ? Roa fld dEe dkrqa bPNfl\A

20. I like to be a carpenter; vga ,dks c Môdh Hkforqa bPNkfeA

21. When did you come here; dnk Roa b/ vkxrks fl\

22. I came here yesterday; gh;ks ga b/ vkxflxPNA

1. Who are you ? dks fl Roa\

2. I am a farer; vga ,dks ifFkdksA

3. Where do you come from ? dqrks Roa vkxPNfl\

4. I come from India; vga bUnqnslrks vkxPNfeA

5. For what purpose have you come ? Roa fld dkrqa vkxrks fl\

6. I want to sell some goods; vga Hk.Mkfu fofØïf.krqa bPNkfeA

7. Why did you come here; dLek b/ vkxrks fl\A

8. I came here to talk to you; r;k lfl… lŠfirqa vkxrks fEgA

9. What is your father ? dks rqÕga firk\

10. My father is the merchant Mahanama; ee firk egkuke okf.ktks

11. Who is your friend and acquaintance here ? dks b/ ro feÙkks ok lfUn Vòks ok\

12. The mayor of this city is a friend of mine; b/ uxjxqfÙkdks eÕga feÙkks gksfrA

13. Where do you work ? dRFk Roa dEea djksfl\

14. I work in a post office; vga ,dflLe lkluxkjs dEea djksfeA

15. Where do you go from here ? brks Roa dqflg xPNfl\

16. I will go to another town from here; vga brks v××ka vxja xfeLlkfe

17. Do you like this place ? fi;k;fl Roa bna Bkua\

18. I may like this place if it is not to hot; fi;k;sÕ;e bna Bkua lPpsna ukPpq.gaHkosÕ;A

19. When will you go home ? dqnk Roa ld Vòkua xfeLlfl\

20. I will go home when I get enough money; ;fn igks.kda ewya yfHkLlkfe] rnk¿ga xfeLlfeA

21. How much money have you now with you ? fdÙkda ewya¿nkfu ro lfUrds vfRFk\A

22. I have fourteen rupees and fifty cents; pqíl :fi;kfu v Môk:fi;×k p ee lfUrds lfUrA Orders and Advice

1. Ring the bell; ?k.Ba oknsfgA

2. Bring my watch here; ee gksjkykspua b/ vkgkjA

3. Call that man here; ra iqfjla b/ iØïkslkfgA

4. Wash your feet; rqÕga ikns /ksokfgA

5. Do not go in the Sun; vkris ek xPNkfgA

6. Do not drink intoxicants; eTta ek fioA

7. Fold my silk dress; ee dkslsÕ;PNknua lagjkfgA

8. Give this begger some rice; beLl ;kpdLl Fkksda r.Mqya nsfgA

9. Send that boy to fetch a pen; ys[kfl.k vkuarqa ra nkjda islsfgA

10. Be always obedient to your parents;

lnk ekrkfirqUua opudjk HkoFkA

11. Do not ridicule elders; ek oq…kua ifjgkla djksFkA

12. Never tell lies; ek dnkfp fi eqlk Hk.kFkA

13. Do not kill living beings; ek thfouks thfork oksjksisFkA

14. Pay respect to all religious teachers; lCcsla le.kkua xkjoa djksFkA

15. Keep company with virtuous friends; dY;k.kfeÙks lsoFkA

16. Do not keep company with friends who have fallen into voice; ikifeÙks ek HktFkA

17. Do not steal even a needle that belongs to others; ek ijlUrda lwfpeÙka fi FksusFkA

18. Do not tease animals; frjPNkuxrs ek flglFkA

19. Do not try to find others faults; ek ijsla fNíkfu xoslFkA

20. Find out your own faults and avoid them; vÙkuks oTtkfu xoslsRok rkfu itgFkA Conversation with a school boy

1. Why did you not come yesterday ? Or why were you absent yesterday ? dLek Roa gh;ks u vkxrks fl\A

2. Yesterday I went with my father to a funeral; gh;ks ¿ga firjk lfl… erd Vòkua vxfleA

3. Where are your books and writing material ? dqflg ro iksRFkdk ys[kuHk.Mkfu p\A

4. I came here having left them on the desk in the school; rku ¿ ga lkyCHkUrjs ys[kuiQyds Bkis Rok vkxrks ¿ fEgA

5. Why do you come late to-day ?

dLek Roa vTt fpjkf;Rok vkxPNfl\A

6. Being unable to cross the bridge as it was broken down, I am late; vUrjkeXxs lsrquks fHkUurk rfjrqa vlØïksUrks fpjkfl;A

7. What did that boy say to you ? lks nkjdks rqÕga fld dFksfl\A

8. He said he could not buy the necessary books as he had no money; fuewyÙkk bfPNrs iksRFkds fdf.krqa uklfD[k fr lks ofnA

9. Why did he send for you ? dLek lks ra iØïksfl\A

10. He has send for me because he wished to get a book from me ; ee lfUrdk ,da iksRFkda y…qa bPNUrks lks ee iØïksflA

11. How many books did you buy ? dfr iksRFkdk dhrk r;k\A

12. I bought four books; e;k pÙkkjks iksRFkdk dhrkA

13. How much did you pay for them;

rsla vRFkk; fdÙkda ewya fnUua r;k\

14. I gave eight rupees and twenty five cents;

vVò :fi;kfu i×pohlfr&lrHkkxs p vgavnkfllA

15. Can you run quickly; lØïksfl Roa lh?ka /kforqaA

16. I am not able to run very fast; vga vfrlh/a /kforqa u lØïksfeA

17. Was it done by him in your presence ?

dra bna rsu rqÕga lEeq[ks\A

18. No; it was done by him in the presence of two other students; u_ v××ksla f}Uua flLlLl lfUrds rsu bna draA

19. If it is so how do you know this ? ;fn ,oa] dFka Roa bna tkukfl\A

20. They told me that he did so; lks rFk djh fr rs ea oflnlqA

21. When will your father return ? ;qÕga firk dnk iPpkxfeLlfr\A

22. He will return from there day after tomorrow; ijlqos lks rrks vkxfeLlfrA

23. Did you tear the leaves of this book ?

Roa beLl iksRFkdLl iÙkkfu nkysfl uq\

24. I did not; I was writing my copy;

u vga fyfiifjp;s vD[kjkfu fy[kUrks fulhflnA

25. Do you write with steel nibs ? v;ys[kuheq[ksfg uq rqEgs fy[kFk\A

26. We write with quill pens; e;a iÙkukGk&ys[kuhfg fy[kkeA

27. What did your teacher teach you yesterday ? fld rqEgkda vkpfj;ks fg;ks mXx.gkisflA

28. He taught us geography of India;

lks¿Egkda Hkkjr HkwfefoRFkkja mXx.gkisflA

29. As my slate is broken I shall buy another to-morrow; ee flykiRFkjLl fcUurk lqos¿ga v××k fd.khLlkfeA

30. Did he give you that book ? lks ra iksRFkda rqÕga vnfl uq\A

31. No, it was given by him to his sister;

u rsu lks vÙkuks Hkfxfu;k fnUuksA

32. I cannot give you the book, for it is not mine; ee vuk;ÙkÙkk ra iksRFkda rqÕga nkrqa u lØïksfeA

33. Having been expelled from the school the boy returned home; ikBlkyk; fuØïf Môrks lks flLlks vÙkuks xkea iPpkxekflA

34. If you wish to be successful in the future, learn while you are young; vukxrs vfHkoqfl… iÙkqa bPNUrk] ngjdkys flIiqXxg.ka djks/A Conversation between two farmers

1. Good morning; lqIiHkkraA

2. It is good of you to have come here; lqUnja r;k dra b/ vkxPNUrsuA

3. I hoped that you would come as I was anxious to meet you; vga r;k lekxUrqa bPNUrks rc vkxeua iPpkflllUrq ofllA

4. Why have you been away so long ?

dLek Roa fpjk; b/ ukxrks fl\

5. I could not go anywhere for about a month as I was ill; xsy××ksu vkfHkHkwrks¿ga ,d ekleÙka dRFkfp fi xUrqa uk[kflD[kA

6. Was your harvest fruitful ? ro lLla fuIiQUua ok uks ok\A

7. My crop was destroyed by an excess of water, only a small quantity is left unharmed;

vf/d tysu ee lLla foufLl_ Fkksda ,o vfofl Vòa vgksflA

8. What about your own crop ? dk Hkorh lLls iofÙk

9. At first, some cattle broke the fence and ate the young plants, and then the remainder died of drought;

iBea xkoks oflÙk fHkfUnRok r#.kklLla [kkflnlq] vFkkofl Vòa vuksndsu feykf;A

10. If it is so how will you feed your family ? ;Ttsoa] dFka Roa vÙkuka dqVqEca ikslsrqa lØïksfl\

11. I will earn my living by selling pot-herbs brinjals, pumpkins, etc; vga lkdi..kkf.k p Hk.MkdhdqEhk.Mknhfu p fofØïf.kRok thfoda dIisLlkfe

12. Are there many orange trees in your garden; lfUr oc mÕ;kus cgq tEchj#D[kk\

13. There are twenty trees in my garden;

ohlfr #D[kk ee mÕ;kus jksfirk gksfUrA

14. How many fruits do you gather from those trees in one crop ? ,dflLe okjs rsfg fdÙkdkfu iQykfu vksfpukfl\A

15. I get about two thousand fruits in one crop : ,dflLe iQyokjs f}lgLleÙkkfu iQykfu yHkkfeA

16. When do you wish to plough your field;

dnk ro [kaÙka dflrqa bPNfl\A

17. I will plough it when I get oxen and plough : ;nk xks.ks p uk˜ıykfu p yfHkLlkfe rnk¿ga dflLlkfeA

18. How many mowers do you need in reaping ? yk;us fdÙkdk yk;dk bfPNrCck\A

19. Ten reapers with ten scythes will be able to reap my harvest ; nl yk;dk nlfg nkÙksfg ee Llla ykf;rqa lfD[kLlfUrA

20. Having heaped them on the threshing floor, how many oxen do you need for threshing ?

[kys jklhdRok drhfg xks.ksfg eíkfiLlfl\

21. Having got them threshed by eight oxen and having removed straw and chaff, I will bring home the grain after getting it dried : vVðkfg xks.ksfg eíkisRok iykya mŁnfjÙkk Hkqla iIiQksVsRok lqD[kkisRok p /k××ka xsga vkusLlkfeA Conversation between two merchants

1. Welcome ! Please sit down here;

Lokxra Hkorks ! fuflnkg beflLe vklusA

2. How are you getting on ? dFka ro ljhjIiofÙk\A

3. Thank you; I am quite well; Fkqfr vRFkq_ vga vPpUrfujksxh fogjkfeA

4. Are your wife and children well and happy ? ro iqÙk&nkjk fi fujksxk lqf[kuksA

5. Yes, they too are in good health and contented; ,oa] rs fi vIikok/k pso lUrqVòk pA

6. How much did you get this month by selling your goods ? beflLe ekls Hk.MfoØï;su fdÙkdks ykHkks y…ks Hkork\A

7. There was no gain but only loss, as I had to sell my goods at less than the cost price;

dhrewyrks fi mQukewysu fofØïf.krÙkk eÕga gkfu ;so vgksfl u of Mô1A

8. What goods did you buy from Persia ?

ikjfldk & nslrks dkfu Hk.Mkfu r;k dhrkfu\A

9. I went there with a carvan andbrought many carpts with the aid of Camels; vga lR;okgsu lfŁn rRFk xURok cgwfu vuX/dkstokfu vks Vòslq vksjksisRok vkusfllA

10. At what price do you want to sell your carpets ? ,da dkstoa fdÙkdsu ewysu fofØïf.krqa bPNfl\A

11. I will sell them at double the cost;

dhreqyrks fnxq.ksu ewysu fofØïf.kLlkfeA

12. I have heard that a merchant-uessel arrived in the harbour yesterday; ,d okf.ktukok gh;ks i Vòua vkxrk fr lqra e;kA

13. Yes, I went to the harbour and gave some money in advance to buy goods from there;

,oa] vga ukokfrRFka xURok rrks Hk.Ma xgsraq lPpdkja vnkfllA

14. To-morrow I will have them brought to my shop in ten carts; lqcs vga nlfg ldVfg rkfu Hk.Mkfu ee vki.ka vkgjkisLlkfeA

15. I am inclined to buy the whole lot;

vga lCca Hk.Mjkfll fdf.krqa bPNkfeA

16. A hundred mangoes could be had in a rupee;

lra vEciQykfu ,dsu :fi;su dsrqa lØïA

17. How much did you pay for this blanket ,rLl dEcyLl vRFkkl fdÙkda r;k fnUua\A 18 I gave ten rupees and fifty cents;

vga nl:fi;kfu i..kkl & lrHkkxs p vnkfllA

C. PARTICLES :–

C. Particles :— Avyaya ( vO;;) in Pali, is a group of words consisting of (i) Conjunctions (ii) Prepositions (iii) Indeclinable past participles ending in Rok] Roku] ; (iv) Infinitives.

They are usually divided into two broad classes viz., (I) Prefix or milXxk (ii) Indeclinable particles or fuikr.

I. Prefix or milXxk are put before verbs and substantives to modify their meaning. They are put before verbal root whereby sometimes the quality and meaning of the word is completely changed e.g. :– xPNfr = goes; mi $ xPNfr = goes near;

vk $ xPNfr = comes lj (Le‘) - recall; fo $ lj ¾ foLljfr = to forget rj = Swim; vks $ rj ¾ vksrjfr = descend or get down More than one or two prefix could be put before a verbal root, e.g., fo $ vk $ djksfr ¾ O;kdjksfr = explains vf/ $ vk $ olfr ¾ vT>kolfr = lives la $ mr~ $ vk $ pjfr ¾ leqnkpjfr = addresses or practices. A list of the more common milXxk %µ Prefix Meaning, vFkZ Verb, fØ;k vfr Beyond, over vfrØïefr] vfrÙkfr vf/ Over, upon above vf/xPNfr (goes over or acquires or grasps)

vuq After vuqljfr (follows)

vuqLljfr (remembers)

vi Away, insult viHkklfr (criticizes)

vie××kfr (insults)

viu;fr (to remove away)

vipk;fr (worships)

vfHk Towards, oppose vfHkeq[ka] vfHk;kfr (attacks) vks (vo~) Down, contempt vksrjfr (descends) vk Upto, until vkxPNfr (comes)

vkgjfr] vku;fr (brings)

mn Up, out mfrVòfr (gets up)

mÙkjfr (ascends)

mi Near, nearby miladefr (comes near) mijktk (viceroy)

fu (ful~) Down, away, fulhnfr (sits down) less fuirfr (falls down)

fuXxPNfr (goes away)

fuEefD[kd (fly-less)

uh (fuj~) Out uhjgfr (takes out) i (iz) Begin, shine forth i;kfr (starts), iTtyfr (izTo) shines forth ioknks (a theory or hypothesis) ifV] ifr back, in-return iPpkxPNfr (comes back), ifViqPNfr (asks in return), ifVD[kiks (izfr{ksi) refusal.

ijk return ijkirfr (returns)

ijkt;fr (defeats)

ijkØïefr (strives)

ifj Surrounding ifj/kofr (runs about) (ify] ifyosBsfr (wraps round)

ifG)

fo Oppose, differ fookn (quarrel) apart foolfUr (lives separately) foHktfr (divides)

fogjfr (lives)

la (le~) Together laolfUr (live together) laoknks (conversation)

II. Indeclinable particles or fuikr or vO;; %µ This group includes conjunctions, prepositions, indeclinable past participles, indeclinable participles, infinitives. Words which have no gender, no number and no case, are all fuikr or vO;;.