5 Thoughts on Linguistic States

APPENDIX 1

Population by Linguistic Families Language groups No. of languages spoken No. of speakers as mother-tongue and subsidiary 1931 (bilinguals shown twice)

No. of speakers 1931 No. of speakers mothertongue only 1931 Difference between columns 4 and 5 (increase in 1931 + decrease in 1931 –)

Difference between columns 4 and 3 (increase + decrease –)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A—Language of India and Burma .. 225 366,430,537 315,525,177 349,887,527 + 94,362,350 + 50,905,360 (i) Austric Languages—

1. Indonesian languages .. 2 6,542 5,561 6,542 + 981 +981

2. Mon-Khmer languages .. 10 734,204 549,917 726,578 + 176,661 + 184,287

3. Munda languages* .. 7 4,710,685 3,973,873 4,609,588 + 635,715 + 736,812 (ii) Tibeto-Chinese languages—

1. Tibeto-Burman languages .. 128 14,167,611 11,959,011 12,982,840 + 1,023,829 + 2,208,600

2. Tai-Chinese languages .. 11 1,150,220 926,335 1,027,656 + 101,321 + 223,885

3. Man and Karen languages* .. 17 1,351,291 1,114,617 1,342,278 + 227,661 + 236,674 (iii) Dravidian languages—

1. Dravida languages . .. 7 47,032,874 37,285,594 41,454,593 + 4,168,999 + 9,747,280

2. Intermediate languages .. 5 3,661,277 3,056,598 3,609,418 + 552,820 + 604,679

3. Andhra language .. 1 28,195,824 23,601,492 26,373,727 + 2,772,235 + 4,594,332

4. N.W. language .. 1 231,581 184,368 207,049 + 22,681 + 47,213

APPENDIX 1 —contd.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (iv) Indo-European languages—

1. Eranian languages .. 3 2,457,134 1,981,675 2,270,466 + 288,791 + 475,459

2. Dardic languages .. 5 1,354,031 1,304,319 1,522,936 + 218,617 + 238,712

3. Indo-Aryan languages .. 19 261,105,909 229,560,555 253,699,403 + 24,138,848 + 31,545,354 (v) Unclassed languages—

1. Andamanese .. 2 466 580 466 +114 –114

2. Burushaski .. 1 26,076 .... 26,076 + 26,076 + 26,076

3. Gipsy dialects † .. 6 25,999 15,018 25,999 + 10,981 + 10,981

4. Languages not returned and unspecified.

.... ‡ 29,813 5,664 2,912 + 3,752 + 24,149 B—Languages of other Asiatic countries and Africa.

17 305,386 211,894 302,324 + 90,430 + 93,492 C—Languages of Europe .. 10 452,099 319,112 339,706 + 20,594 + 132,987

*The correct classification of these two languages is doubtful. Pizyluski treats them as Tai (Meillet and Cohen, langues du Monde 380), but it is probable they have Austric affinities.

†These dialects are drawn from various Indian languages and contain such diverse elements that they cannot fairly be allotted t o one family rather than another.

‡Includes Hill and aboriginal subsidiary languages (27,841).

APPENDIX 2

Area and Population of States of United States of America Name of State Area sq. miles Population Est. 1944 1 23

1. Alabama .. .. .. 51,609 2,818,083

2. Arirona .. .. .. 113,909 638,412

3. Arkansas .. .. .. 53,102 1,776,446

4. California .. .. .. 158,693 8,746,989

5. Colorado .. .. .. 104,247 1,147,269

6. Connecticut .. .. .. 5,009 1,176,807

7. Delaware .. .. .. 2,057 283,802

8. Florida .. .. .. 58,560 3,367,217

9. Georgia .. .. .. 58,876 3,223,727 10 Idaho .. .. .. 83,557 531,573

11. Illinois .. .. .. 56,400 7,729,720

12. Indiana .. .. .. 36,291 3,419,707

13. Jowa .. .. .. 56,280 2,269,759

14. Kansas .. .. .. 82,276 1,774,447

15. Kentucky .. .. .. 40,395 2,630,194

16. Louisiana .. .. .. 48,523 2,535,385

17. Maine .. .. .. 33,215 793,600

18. Maryland .. .. .. 10,577 2,127,874

19. Massachusetts .. .. .. 8,257 4,162,815

20. Michigan .. .. .. 58,216 5,429,641

21. Minnesota .. .. .. 84,008 2,508,663

22. Mississippi .. .. .. 47,716 2,175,877

23. Missouri .. .. .. 69,674 3,589,538

24. Montana .. .. .. 147,138 464,999

25. Nebraska .. .. .. 77,237 1,213,792

26. Nevada .. .. .. 110,540 156,445

27. New Hampshire .. .. 9,304 457,231

28. New Jersey .. .. .. 7,836 4,167,840

29. New Mexico .. .. .. 121,666 532,212

30. New York .. .. .. 49,576 12,632,890

31. North Caroline .. .. 52,712 3,534,545

32. North Dakota .. .. 70,665 528,071

33. Ohio .. .. .. 41,222 638,667

APPENDIX 2— contd.

Name of State Area sq. miles Population Est. 1944 1 23

34. Oklahoma .. .. .. 69,919 2,064,679

35. Oregon .. .. .. 96,981 1,214,226

36. Pennsylvania .. .. 45,332 9,247,088

37. Rhode-Island .. .. .. 1,214 778,972

38. South Carolina .. .. 31,055 1,923,354

39. South Dakota .. .. 77,047 558,629

40. Tennessee .. .. .. 42,246 2,870,158

41. Texas .. .. .. 267,339 6,876,248

42. Utah .. .. .. 84,916 606,994

43. Vermont .. .. .. 9,609 310,941

44. Virginia .. .. .. 40,815 3,119,115

45. Washington .. .. .. 68,192 2,055,378

46. West Virginia .. .. 24,181 1,715,984

47. Wisconsin .. .. .. 56,154 2,975,910

48. Wyoming .. .. .. 97,914 257,108 APPENDIX 3 The population of the Bombay City according to the Communities given in the Census of 1941 is as follows: Hindu .. .. .. .. .. 8,99,398 Scheduled Castes .. .. .. .. 1,21,352 Muslims .. .. .. .. .. 2,51,518 Indian Christians .. .. .. .. 1,22,683 Anglo-Indians .. .. .. .. 8,787 Parsees .. .. .. .. .. 58,813 Sikhs .. .. .. .. .. 2,418 Jains .. .. .. .. .. 33,281 Buddhists .. .. .. .. .. 912 Tribes .. .. .. .. .. 4,606 Others .. .. .. .. .. 29,847 Total .. 1,489,883 The area of the Bombay City according to the Census of 1941 was 30 sq. miles.

APPENDIX 3A

Inter-Provincial Immigration And Emigration In India Variation As Compared With 1921 In The Volume Of Migration Within India Net gain + or loss – 1931 Net gain + or loss – 1921 Variation 1921-31 Province or State Immigrants Emigrants Immigrants Emigrants Immigrants Emigrants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Provinces or States which gain Assam .. + 1,241,011 1,314,047 73,036 + 1,140,752 1,216,661 75,909 + 97,386 – 2,873 Bengal .. + 771,936 1,726,370 954,434 1,132,192 1,817,775 685,581 – 91,405 + 268,853 Burma .. + 593,324 617,521 24,197 + 553,471 572,530 19,059 + 44,991 + 5,138 Bombay .. + 596,707 1,188,901 592,194 + 472,023* 1,039,622 567,599* + 256,074 + 318,280* Central Provinces and Berar.

+ 27,003 649,064 422,061 + 197,323 603.924 406,601 + 45,140 + 15,460 Mysore .. + 215,462 340,700 125,238 + 210,064 309,850 99,786 + 30,850 + 25,452 Delhi .. + 189,736 259,163 69,427 + 113,158 182,485 69,327 + 76,678 + 100 Baroda .. + 127,907 333,077 105,176 + 10,674 231,880 221,206 + 101,197 – 16,030 Central India Agency + 115,566 598,102 482,536 + 58,056 544,688 486,632 + 53,414 – 4,096 Travancore .. + 83,919 133,852 49,933 + 49,732 71,973 22,241 + 61,879 + 27,692 Ajmer-Merwara .. + 44,029 104,938 60,909 + 66,033 108,452 42,419 – 3,514 + 18,490 Cochin .. + 41,424 87,214 45,790 + 15,792 39,689 23,897 + 47,525 + 21,893

APPENDIX 3A —contd.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Coorg .. + 35,388 38,619 3,231 + 30,988 33,838 2,850 + 4,781 + 381 Baluchistan .. + 23,779 66,542 42,763 + 5,924 66,166 60,242 + 376 – 17,479 North West Frontier + 21,187 111,868 90,681 + 50,835 118,395 67,560 – 6,527 + 23,121 Province.

Andamans and Nicobars.

+ 13,703 14,255 582 + 14,080 14,396 316 – 141 + 236 Provinces or States which Lose Sikkim .. – 4,782 2,403 7,212 – 2,297 1,836 4,133 + 594 + 3,079 Gwalior .. – 14,471 281,350 296,821 + 632 289,657 289,025 – 8,307 + 7,796 Jammu and Kashmir – 33,266 61,189 94,445 – 22,685 61,561 84,246 – 372 + 10,029 Punjab .. – 67,792 635,025 702,817 + 60,940 591,885 530,942 + 43,140 + 171,875 Hyderabad .. – 19,788 312,814 332,602 – 166,326 197,127 363,453 + 115,687 – 30,851 Western India States Agency.

– 186,890 106,795 293,685 Included against Bombay Rajputana .. – 516,898 329,913 864,811 – 625,650 242,234 8,67,893 + 87,670 – 21,082 Madras .. – 888,339 246,892 1,135,231 – 718,183 196,609 914,792 + 50,283 + 220,439 United Provinces .. – 1,063,143 494,308 1,557,451 – 974,642 425,152 1,399,794 + 69,156 + 157,657 Bihar and Orisa .. – 1,291,567 466,563 1,758,130 – 1,567,968 387,068 1,955,036 + 79,495 – 196,906

*Includes Western India Agency. Includes Punjab States Agency Note—The figures for provinces include those for the States attached to them except in the case of Madras, where they exclude Cochin and Travancore. Migration figures to and from countries outside British India are excluded.

APPENDIX 4

Provincial/State Revenue Yield (Crores of Rupees) Share in total revenue (per cent) 1921-22 1936-37 1938-39 1944-45 1953-54 (R. E.)

1921-22 1936-37 1938-39 1944-45 1953-54 (R. E.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Revenue .. .. 58.48 74.86 76.78 193.87 462.04 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Land Revenue .. .. 29.08 25.96 25.40 30.21 69.20 49.7 34.7 33.1 15.6 15.0 State excise .. .. 15.67 13.63 13.08 43.42 44.81 26.8 18.2 17.0 22.4 9.7 Stamps .. .. 10.14 10.80 9.53 15.20 23.50 17.3 14.4 12.4 7.8 5.1 Registration .. .. 1.07 1.11 1.09 2.39 3.91 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 General Sales Tax .. .... .... .... 7.91 57.25 .... .... .... 4.1 12.4 Forests (net) .. .. 0.66 0.71 0.63 4.58 10.82 1.1 0.9 0.8 2.4 2.3 Irrigation works for which capital accounts are kept (net).

5.55 7.53 7.57 10.14 8.09 9.5 10.0 9.9 5.2 1.8 Devolution of revenue and grants from the Centre.

(—)

9.02 2.67 6.45 36.89 117.92 .... 3.6 8.4 19.1 25.6 Share of income-tax assigned to States.

3.09 0.04 1.47 25.75 56.90 5.3 0.1 1.9 13.3 12.3 Share of jute duty assigned to States.

.... 2.13 2.51 1.48 .... .... 2.8 3.3 0.8 ....

APPENDIX 4— contd.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Share of Central excise duties assigned to State.

.... .... .... .... 15.94 .... .... .... .... 3.5 Grants in aid, etc., from the Centre.

12.11 0.50 2.47 9.66 45.08 .. 0.7 3.2 5.0 9.8 Figures for 1921-22 exclude those for Burma but include Sind as part of Bombay. Figures for 1936-37 exclude those for Burma, Sind and N.W.F.P. Figures for 1938-39 and 1944-45 are for nine Provinces excluding Sind and N.W.F.P.. Figures for 1953-54 relate to all Part A, Part B and Six Part C States.

Transfers from funds are excluded, receipts under forests are taken net after deducting entire expenditure from gross receipts, for other public utilities and State undertaking net receipts (after deducting working expenses) are included.

APPENDIX 5

Budgetary Position of the States on Revenue Account PART ‘A’ STATES 1950-51 1951-52 1952-53 1953-54* (R.E.)

1954-55 (B.E.)

Revenue .. .. .. .. 214.37 315.60 229.32 357.49 367.17 Expenditure .. .. .. .. 293.08 309.10 329.37 371.64 400.89 Surplus (+) or deficit (–) .. .. .. (+) 1.29 (+) 6.50 (–) 0.15 (–) 14.15 (–) 33.72 Surplus (+) or deficit (–) (excluding transfers from and to Revenue Reserve Funds).

(–) 3.15 (–) 2.25 (–) 12.01 (–) 20.82 (–) 39.86

APPENDIX 6

Budgetary Position of the States on Revenue Account PART ‘B’ STATES (Crores of Rupees)

1950-51 1951-52 1952-53 1953-54

†(R.E.)

1954-55 (B.E.)

Revenue .. .. .. .. 93 33 106.70 108.12 112.21 121.76 Expenditure .. .. .. .. 81.93 100.53 105.88 115.85 127.65 Surplus (+) or deficit (–) .. .. .. (+) 1.45 (+) 6.17 (+) 3.24 (–) 3.64 (–) 5.89 Surplus (+) or deficit (–) (excluding transfers from and to Revenue Reserve Funds).

(+) 1.45 (+) 5.97 (+) 3.24 (–) 3.64 (–) 5.89

† Figures for 1953-54 include budget estimates for the composite State of Madras and revised estimates are available for later six months only. APPENDIX 7 Central Revenues (Selected Years)

1921-22 1936-37 1938-39 1944-45 1953-54 (R.E.)

Total Revenue* .. .. 80.00 100 81.45 100 82.90 100 334.40 100 394.34 100 Customs (net) .. .. 31.61 39.5 38.11 46.8 40.51 48.9 39.77 11.9 160.00 40.6 Taxes on income (net) .. .. 18.74 23.4 15.33 18.8 13.74 16.6 80.52 24.1 69.31 17.6 Corporation tax .. .. ..... .... .... .... 2.04 2.5 84.22 25.2 38.40 9.7 Central excise duties (net) .. .. 2.80 3.5 13.35 16.4 8.66 10.5 38.14 11.4 78.00 19.8 Salt duty .. .. .. 6.34 7.9 8.81 10.8 8.12 9.8 9.29 2.8 .... .... Commercial Departments— Railways (net contribution) .. (–)9.09 ..... .... .... 1.37 1.7 32.00 9.6 7.50 1.9 Posts & Telegraphs (net) .. .. .. .... ..... 0.14 0.2 0.19 0.2 10.25 3.1 2.02 0.5

* Total revenue includes net receipts under opium, irrigation, forests, electricity and road transport schemes. Figures for 1921-22 and 1936-37 are inclusive of those for Burma. Figures for 1938-39 and 1944-45 relate to undivided India.

APPENDIX 8

Population of the Indian Union by Communities Hindus Muslims Population Scheduled Castes Others Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Madras .. 49,841 24,800 25,040 8,152 4,064 4,088 35,095 17,466 17,630 3,927 1,939 1,987 Bombay .. 29,384 15,184 14,200 2,526 1,217 1,256 20,691 10,680 10,011 2,463 1,321 1,142 West Bengal .. 21,837 11,834 10,003 3,520 1,847 1,673 11,206 6,160 5,046 5,544 3,011 2,533 United Provinces .. 56,346 29,542 26,804 11,931 6,128 5,803 34,923 18,411 16,512 8,692 4,574 4,117 East Punjab .. 12,697 6,853 5,844 1,028 540 487 4,489 2,435 2,053 4,427 2,380 2,047 Bihar .. 36,546 18,325 18,220 4,344 2,135 2,209 22,263 11,252 11,010 4,719 2,340 2,379 C.P. & Berar .. 19,948 9,845 9,802 3,310 1,639 1,671 10,920 5,491 5,428 811 425 387 Assam .. 7,685 4,068 3,617 377 203 174 2,885 1,564 1,321 1.754 939 815 Orissa .. 13,768 6,706 7,062 1,865 906 956 8,187 3,963 4,224 166 81 85 Ajmer .. 589 310 279 1 0.5 0.5 380 198 182 90 49 41 Andaman & Nicobar 34 21 12 .... .... .... 8 6 3 8 6 2 Islands.

Bilaspur .. 110 57 53 16 8 7 93 48 45 1 0.8 0.6

APPENDIX 8 —contd.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bhopal .. 785 410 375 187 96 91 410 215 195 110 59 51 Coorg .. 169 92 76 26 15 11 105 56 49 14 9 6 Cutch .. 501 239 262 39 19 20 279 135 144 117 57 60 Delhi .. 918 535 383 123 69 53 445 262 182 305 176 128 Himachal Pradesh .. 935 495 441 229 120 109 672 356 316 29 16 13 Manipur .. 512 249 263 ... ... ... 304 148 156 30 15 15 Tripura .. 513 272 241 12 6 6 336 178 158 124 66 57 Vindya Pradesh .. 3,569 1,819 1,750 399 202 197 2,851 1,455 1,397 95 49 46 Madhya Bharat .. 7,141 3,734 3,407 437 221 216 5,025 2,648 2,377 475 251 224 P.E.P.S.U. .. 3,424 1,868 1,557 214 112 102 978 530 448 899 483 416 Rajasthan .. 13,085 6,868 6,217 ... ... ... 9,878 5,196 4,682 1,256 663 593 Saurashtra .. 3,556 1,809 1,747 242 122 120 2,737 1,402 1,336 436 220 226 Travancore Cochin .. 7,493 3,742 3,751 537 269 268 3,902 1,931 1,971 543 276 268 Hyderabad .. 16,339 8,347 7,992 2,928 1,487 1,442 10,382 5,303 5,073 2,097 1,080 1,017 Kashmir .. 4,022 2,130 1,892 113 61 53 694 369 325 3,074 1,627 1,446 Mysore .. 7,329 3,763 3,566 1,405 723 682 5,282 2,702 2,580 485 258 227

APPENDIX 9

Statistics of Chief Castes Caste Strength Where chiefly found Agri .. .. 265,285 Bombay.

Ahar, Ahir, Gopi, Goshi, Goala, Golla, Gowari, Gaura, Kavundan Idaiyan.

14,170,032 Most Provinces.

Ahom .. .. 249,434 Assam Arain, Kunjra, Koeri, Kachhi, Murao.

5,048,849 Most Provinces.

Arora, Bhansali, Lohana .. 1,499,407 Baluchistan, Bombay, N.W.F.P. Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, W. I. States.

Babhan, Bhuinhar .. 1,113,541 Bihar and Orissa, U.P.C.P. Baidya .. .. 110,739 Bengal.

Baiga, Bhaina, Binjwar, Bharia, Kadar, Bhumia, Bhunjia, Bhuiya,Ghatwar,Naiya, Pao.

1,050,760 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, C.P., C.I., Rajputana, Sikkim.

Bairagi .. .. 838,285 Most Provinces. Baloch .. .. 1,333,215 Baluchistan, Bombay, Punjab, N.W.F.P.

Baniya, Bhatia, Chetti, Khatri, Kamati (Vaishya).

5,176,383 Most Provinces.

Banjara, Lumbadi, Labana, Lamani.

951,022 Bombay, C.P., C.I., GwaliorHyderabad, Mysore, Raj putana.

Baria, Bhalia, Chodhra, Gedia, Khant, Koli, Kotwal, Naikda, Patclia, Patanwadia, Thakarda, Talabda, Valvi.

3,418,643 Most Provinces.

Bauri, Bagdi .. .. 1,671,481 Bengal, Bihar and O rissa, Rajputana.

Bawaria, Bavuri, Baori, Bagari, Vagri, Badhik.

309,720 Most Provinces.

Bayar, Barmanu, Dhangar, Musahar.

811,746 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, U.P., Central India.

Bedar, Boya .. 991,536 Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad, C. P.

APPENDIX 9 —contd.

Caste Strength Where chiefly found Bhandari. Idiga, Iruvan, Siyal .. 1,253,403 Bihar and Or issa, Cochin, Mysore, Madras, Travancore, Rajputana, Baroda.

Bhangi .. .. 797,599 Ajmer-Merwara, Bombay, U.P., Baroda, Gwalior, Rajputana, W. I. States.

Bharwad, Dhangar, Gadariya Kuruba.

1,816,283 Most Provinces.

Bhat, Barhmabhatt, Charan Jasondhi.

397,274 Most Provinces.

Bhatra, Pardhana, Parja .. 353,183 Madras, C.P. and Berar. Bhil, Barela Bhilala.

Dhanka, Mankar, Mavchi, Pathia, Rathia, Tadvi.

1,454,144 Most Provinces.

Bhisti, Bhoi, Dhimar, Jhinwar, Kahar, Machhi, Tiyar.

3,575,941 Most Provinces.

Bohra .. .. 212,752 Bombay, Baroda, C.I.,Gwalior, C.P., Rajputana, W.I. States Travancore.

Brahman .. .. 15,207,277 Most Provinces. Brahui .. .. 224,415 Baluchistan, Bombay. Chamar, Khalpa, Samagara .. 12,195,516 Most Provinces. Chasa, Raju .. 835,236 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Chasi, Kajbartta (Mahisya) .. 2,381,266 Bengal. Chuhra .. .. 721,981 N.W.F. Prov. Punjab, Delhi. Dhanuk, Kandra .. 758,671 Bihar and Or issa, Bengal, C.P., C.I., Ajmer-Merwara, Rajputana, Delhi, Gwalior.

Dhobi, Parit, Vanran, Velutte-dan.

3,161,428 Most Provinces.

Dom, Dombar, Bansphor Dharkar, Dholi.

907,776 Most Provinces.

Dhor, Chakkliyan .. 671,926 Bombay, C.P., Madras, Cochin, Travancore, W.I. States.

Dusadh .. .. 1,400,878 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, U.P.

APPENDIX 9 —contd.

Caste Strength Where chiefly found Fakir .. .. 820,577 Punjab, U.P., C.P., Rajputana C.I., Agency Gwalior.

Garo, Hajong, Kachari, Mech, 695,648 Assam, Bengal. Rabha.

Gond, Dhanwar, Kalota, Kamar, Karwar, Kolam, Kondh, Konda, Dora, Koya, Maria, Muria Nagarchi.

4,719,222 An damans and Nicobars, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Bombay, C.P., and Berar, Madras, U.P.

C.I. Hyderabad, Gwalior, Rajputana.

Gujar .. .. 2,430,669 Ajmer-Merwara, Bombay, C.P. and Berar, Delhi, N.W. Frontier, Punjab, U.P., C.I., Rajputana.

Guria, Halwai .. 246,583 Bihar and Orissa, U.P., C.I., Rajaputana, Gwalior.

Hajjam, Ambattan, Bhandari, Kelashi, Mhali, Nadig, Nai “Naibrahman”, Napit, Nhavi, Pandithar, Vellakat- talavan.

3,725,860 Most Provinces.

Hari .. .. 418,830 Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa Madras.

Jat .. .. 8,377,819 N.W. Frontier, Punjab, U.P. Kashmir, Rajputana.

Jogi .. .. 111,586 Gwalior, C.I., Agency, Rajputana, Jammu and Kashmir.

Kaikolan .. .. 419,078 Madras, Cochin, Travancore. Kalar .. .. 1,017,179 Ajmer-Merwara, Bengal, C.P. and Berar, U.P., Baroda, C.I., Gwalior, Hyderabad, Rajputana, Sikkim.

Kallavan, Maravan .. 948,630 Madras, Cochin, Tr avancore. Kamalan, “Viswabrahman”, Panchal.

7,735,393 Most Provinces.

Karen .. .. 1,367,673 Burma.

Kayastha, Karan, Prabhu .. 2,946,228 Most Provinces.

APPENDIX 9 —contd.

Caste Strength Where chiefly found Kewat, Kaibartta .. 1,813,278 Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, C.P. and Berar, U.P.

Kolita .. .. 109,250 Bihar and Or issa, C.P. and Berar.

Koshti, Devang .. .. 921,201 Bengal, Bombay, C. P. and Berar, Madras, C.I., Hyderabad, Mysore, Gwalior, Cochin.

Khandayat, Paik .. 1,060,587 Bihar and Or issa, Bengal, Madras.

Kisan .. .. 431,044 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, U.P. Khasi, Synteng .. .. 232,595 Assam, Andamans and Nicobars. Khatik, Chick .. .. 412,520 U.P., C.P., Bengal, Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Baluchistan Hyderabad, Rajputana Gwalior.

Kori, Katia, Balai, Chaupal, Jugi.

2,165,953 Most Provinces.

Korku, Korwa .. .. 246,765 Bihar and Orissa, C.P., C.I., U.P. Kumhar, Kusavan .. 3,580,143 Most Provinces. Kunbi, Karbi, Kurmi, Kshatriya, Kapu, Kapewar, Raddi, Vakkaliga, Vellala.

11,082,108 Most Provinces.

Labbai .. .. 374,829 Coorg, Madras, Mysore, Travancore.

Lodhi .. .. 1,742,470 C.P. and Berar, U.P., C.I., Bengal, Delhi, Rajputana, Hyderabad, Gwalior.

Lushei, Sokte, Thado .. 192,520 Assam, Bengal, Burma. Mahar, Mehra, Dhed, Vankar, Holiya, Pulayan, Cheruman.

4,729,405 Most Provinces.

Mala .. .. 852,050 C.P. and Berar, Madras. Mali, Phulmali, Saini, Malakar 2,332,143 Most Provinces.

APPENDIX 9 —contd.

Caste Strength Where chiefly found Mallah, Goriya, Gonrhi .. 894,951 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, U.P., N.W. Frontier, C.I., Gwalior, Rajputana, Mang, Megh, Meghwal, Madgi, Madiga.

2,556,765 Most Provinces.

Mapilla .. .. 139,621 Travancore, Cochin, Coorg, Burma.

Maratha .. .. 6,113,061 Bo mbay, C.P. and Berar, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Baroda, Mysore, C.I.

Meithei .. .. 330,545 Assam, Burma. Mina, Meo .. .. 1,110,479 Most Provinces. Mirasi .. .. 283,637 Punjab, N.W. Frontier, Rajputana, Ajmer-Merwara, Jammu and Kashmir, C.I., Gwalior.

Mochi, Jingar, Dabgar .. 1,026,405 Most Provinces. Momin .. .. 3,122,100 Most Provinces. Munda, Mawasi, Ho, Kol, Kharwar, Kharia, Bhogia, Bhumji, Kora.

2,315,276 Bihar and Orissa, Bengal, C.P. and Berar, C.I., U.P., Rajputana.

Naga .. .. 272,529 Assam, Burma, Gwalior. Namasudra .. .. 2,265,476 Assam, Bengal. Nayar .. .. 1,550,641 Madras, Travancore, Cochin. Nepali .. .. 371,906 Most Provinces. Nuniya, Od, Beldar, Bind, Rehgar.

561,926 Most Provinces.

Oraon .. .. 1,021,334 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, C.P. and Berar.

Pallan .. .. 825,224 Madras.

Pan, Panka, Ganda, Paidi, Baraik.

1,241,322 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, C.P. and Berar, Madras, C.I.

Paraiyan, Turi .. .. 1,277,365 Madras, Bombay, Baroda, Cochin, W.I. States, Coorg.

APPENDIX 9 —concld.

Caste Strength Where chiefly found Pasi, Arakh .. .. 1,743,166 Bihar and Orissa, U.P., Bengal, C. I.

Oinjara, Sarahira, Dhunia .. 565,254 U. P., Bombay, Rajputana Gwalior, N.W. Frontier, Punjab, C.I., Mysore, W.I. States, Jammu and Kashmir.

Rajbhar, Rajjhar, Rajwar Bhar. 630,708 U. P., Bihar and Orissa, Bengal, C.P. and Berar.

Rajput .. .. 10,743,001 Most Provinces. Santal, Saunta, Karmali .. 2,524,472 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, C.I.

Saun .. .. 480,131 U.P., C.I.

Sawara, Saonr, Savar, Saharia 675,628 Bihar and Or issa, C.P., Madras, U. P., C. I., Rajputana, Gwalior.

Shaha, Sunri .. .. 533,825 Bengal, Madras, Sikkim. Shan .. .. 900,204 Burma.

Silpkar .. .. 333,036 U.P.

Singpho, Kachin .. 156,253 Burma, Assam. Talavla, Dubla .. .. 229,190 Bombay, Baroda, W.I. States. Tamboli, Barai ..

.. 452,423 Bengal, U.P., C.I., Rajputana, Gwalior, Baroda.

Tankkshatriya .. .. 926,274 Most Provinces. Tanti, Tatwa, Bhulia, Chadar, Sali.

1,132,563 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Bombay, C.P. and Berar.

Telaga .. .. 1,669,559 C.I.

Teli, Tili, Chakkan, Ganig, Chanchi, Vaniyan.

5,024,496 Madras, Hyder abad, Coorg.

Thakkar, Rathi, Rawat, Kanet, Ghirath.

714,503 Bombay, Punjab, C.I., Gwalior, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajputana.

APPENDIX 10

Relative Population of Different Communities Distribution by Religion of 10,000 persons in India, in the Provinces and in the States, 1921 and 1931 Province etc. Year Hindu Muslim Buddhist Tribal Christian Sikh Jain Others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 India .. 1921 6,856 2,174 366 309 150 103 37 5 1931 6,824 2,216 365 236 179 124 36 20 Provinces .. 1921 6,606 2,407 465 280 123 96 18 5 1931 6,548 2,469 468 213 142 118 17 25 Ajmer-Merwara .. 1921 7,356 2,055 .... 96 112 4 372 5 1931 7,755 1,734 .... 27 124 6 348 6 Andamans and Nicobars .. 1921 3,278 1,515 979 3,387 586 144 .... 111 1931 2,586 2,280 988 3,379 496 220 .... 51 Assam .. 1921 5,434 2,896 17 1,479 168 1 5 .. 1931 5,720 3,196 17 825 235 3 3 1 Baluchistan .. 1921 920 8,731 4 .... 159 182 .... 4 1931 894 8,744 1 1 174 181 1 4 Bengal .. 1921 4,327 5,399 57 181 31 .... 3 2 1931 4,304 5,487 63 105 36 2 2 1 Bihar and Orissa .. 1921 8,284 1,085 .... 553 76 1 1 .... 1931 8,231 1,132 .... 544 91 1 1 ....

APPENDIX 10— contd.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bombay .. 1921 7,658 1,974 1 64 137 4 111 51 1931 7,605 2,039 1 59 145 10 92 49 Burma .. .. 1921 368 380 8,506 534 195 4 1 12 1931 390 399 8,430 444 226 7 1 103 C.P. and Berar .. 1921 8,354 405 ... 1,160 30 1 49 1 1931 8,601 440 ... 872 33 3 50 1 Coorg .. .. 1921 7,733 795 1 1,265 194 ... 12 ... 1931 8,939 844 ... ... 210 ... 5 2 Delhi .. .. 1921 6,569 2,904 ... ... 273 57 96 1 1931 6,285 3,253 1 ... 267 101 84 9 Madras .. 1921 8,864 671 ... 137 322 ... 6 ... 1931 8,831 707 ... 75 380 ... 7 ...

N.W.F.P. .. .. 1921 666 9,162 ... ... 47 125 ... ... 1931 590 9,184 ... ... 51 175 ... ...

Punjab .. .. 1921 3,181 5,533 1 ... 159 1,109 17 ... 1931 2,684 5,655 2 ... 176 1,299 15 169 United Provinces .. 1921 8,509 1,428 ... ... 44 3 15 1 1931 8,440 1,484 ... ... 42 10 14 ...

States .. .. 1921 7,748 1,343 12 415 250 126 104 2 1931 7,771 1,347 12 316 307 141 101 5 N.B.—A blank indicates that the number per 10,000 is fractional ; 0 indicates that none at all were returned. In the case of Assam the Khasi States are included in the 1921 figures; Otherwise all States are excluded from Provinces.

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PART III ON HERO AND HERO-WORSHIP

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