Title pages and contents

2 UNTOUCHABLES

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THE UNTOUCHABLES

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THE UNTOUCHABLES WHO WERE THEY AND WHY THEY BECAME UNTOUCHABLES ? By

DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR (Reprint of the edition of 1948)

First Published, October 1948

by Amrit Book Co., New Delhi. Government of Maharashtra’s First Edition - January 26, 1990

Inscribed to the memory of NANDNAR RAVIDAS CHOKHAMELA THREE RENOWNED SAINTS WHO WERE BORN AMONG THE UNTOUCHABLES AND WHO BY

THEIR PIETY AND VIRTUE WON THE ESTEEM OF ALL.

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CONTENTS

Page PREFACE .. .. .. 239 PART I A C OMPARATIVE S URVEY Chapter I. U NTOUCHABILITY AMONG N ON-HINDUS .. 249 II. U NTOUCHABILITY AMONG H INDUS . .. 256 PART II PROBLEM OF H ABITAT III. W HY DO THE U NTOUCHABLES LIVE OUTSIDE THE V ILLAGE ? .. .. 271 IV. A RE THE U NTOUCHABLES B ROKEN M EN ? .. 278 V. A RE THERE P ARALLEL C ASES ? .. .. 281 VI. How DID S EPARATE S ETTLEMENTS FOR BROKEN M EN DISAPPEAR ELSEWHERE ? .. 284 PART III OLD T HEORIES OF THE O RIGIN OF U NTOUCHABILITY . VII. R ACIAL D IFFERENCE AS THE O RIGIN OF UNTOUCHABILITY .. .. 289 VIII. O CCUPATIONAL O RIGIN OF U NTOUCHABILITY .. 305 PART IV NEW T HEORIES OF THE O RIGIN OF U NTOUCHABILITY . IX. C ONTEMPT FOR B UDDHISTS AS THE R OOT OF UNTOUCHABILITY .. .. 311 X. B EEF-EATING AS THE R OOT OF U NTOUCHABILITY .. 318

PART V

THE N EW T HEORIES AND SOME H ARD Q UESTIONS . XL D ID THE H INDUS NEVER EAT B EEF ? .. 323 XII. W HY DID N ON-BRAHMINS GIVE UP B EEF-EATING ? 329 XIII. W HAT MADE THE B RAHMINS BECOME VEGETARIANS ? .. .. 334 XIV. W HY SHOULD B EEF-EATING MAKE B ROKEN M EN UNTOUCHABLES ? .. .. 350 PART VI UNTOUCHABILITY AND THE D ATE OF ITS B IRTH. XV. T HE I MPURE AND T HE U NTOUCHABLES .. 359 XVI. W HEN DID B ROKEN M EN BECOME .. UNTOUCHABLES ? .. .. 370 INDEX.. .. .. .. 381