XII. the Theory in the Crucible

INDEX

Acharya—Exclusive right to officiate at Upanayana, 173-74; Qualifications, 173 Aitarcya Brahmana—Manu the progenitor of Indo-Aryans, 29; Disabilities of Shudras under, 42; On Vaishyas’ sacrificial disabilities, 56-57; List of coronations of Kings and officiating priests 123-24 Alpine Race—Traits of, 67-68; Prof. Ripley on, 98-99; Its languages of Aryan Stock, 99 Ambarisha—145 Anulomas—Who are, 199 (and footnote); sec Nishada Apastamba Dharma Sutra—Support to Purusha Sukta, 23; Disabilities of Shudras under; 43, 47, 50-51; On qualifications of Acharya, 173 Arjuna—194-95 Aryan—Race, an invader of India, 65; Type and its traits, 69; Four senses of term, 69; Not a race according to Prof. Max Muller, 69-70; Original home as traceable by common vocabulary, 71-72; Caucasia, not the original home of, 71-72; Mr. Tilak’s theory of Arctic region being home of, 72-74; Evidence against theory of, invasion of India, 74-75; and subjugation of Dasas and Dasyus, 75-76, 86-87; Inseparable from Dasas and Dasyus, 77; Race theory, its failure, 78-79, its Indian votaries, 79-80, meaning of term Varna its mainstay, 80; Of Vedic times had no colour prejudice, 81; Two communities : with and without belief in Chaturvamya, 97, 100; Permitted to make other Aryans slaves, 112-13; Vedic, social organization, 130-31; Rules of Impurity and Adoption, 160-61 Ashwalayan Grihya Sutra—Description of Upanayana ceremony, 156-58 Ashwins—Though Shudras entitled to Soma, 109 Atharva Veda—On five tribes of IndoAryan nation, 31; Its four explanations of the origin of Vamas, 39; When it came to be regarded on par with Rig Veda, 87; Statements from, demarcating Shudra from Arya, 107; Statements from, showing basis of equality between Brahmins and Shudras, 107-108, 207-208 Aupamanyava—Five tribes of IndoAryan nations according to, 30 Avarnas—De jure connotation of, 35-36, Who are, 36 Balaji Avji—His part in Shivaji’s coronation, 177-78, 181-82 Baudhayana—Prescription of Upanayana for Ashwathha tree, 169 Belavalkar, Prof.—Theory of Synchronous composition of Vedic Literature, 138. Benfey, Dr.—Summary of his views on original home of Aryans, 71 Bhagavat Purana—On naming of India as ‘Bharata Bhumi’. 129 Bhandarkar, Dr. D. R.—His view of Rajputs as descendants of foreigners, Gurjars, 179 Bhandarkar Research Institute—collation Sheet for shloka i.e. Paijavana, 116 (footnote)

Bhishma—On ministers of four Varnas, 112 Bharadwaja Sutra—Reference to Shudra’s right to sacrifice, 108-109 Bharatas—128-30,192-93 Bode, Dastur—Meaning of ‘Varna’ in Indo-Iranian Literature, 83 Bopp, Dr.—Theory of common ancestry of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Germanic languages, 78 Brahmanic—Literature full of legends of creation, 37-41; analysis of legends, 41; Theories about origin of Shudras most unsatisfactory, 6566; Literature, its two ideologies relating to creation, 87-96; Comparison of the two ideologies— sacerdotal and secular, 97; Writers’ invention of false etymologies to suit prevalent meaning of words, 102-03; Forgeries of Purusha Sukta and Smritis, 137-38 Brahmins—Origin of, according to Purusha Sukta, 22; Are Dwijas, 24; Superior to all other classes in status, 26, 32; As savarnas, Dwijas and Traivarnika, 36; Their special rights and privileges against Shudras, 56; Their indifference or apologetic attitude towards disabilities of Shudras, 57; Their Law compared with Roman Law is communal and arbitrary, 63-64; Accept theory of Aryan conquest of India for it establishes their kinship with Europeans, 80; Mentioned as separate Varna sixteen times in Rig Veda, 133; Dispute with Kshatriyas, 148-49; Conflict with Kshatriyas, 140-55; Technique for degrading Shudras: refusal of Upanayana, 156, 208; Exclusive right to officiate at Upanayana, 173-74, 177, 184-85; Penalties on, or performing unauthorised Upanayana, 181, 208; Instances of denial of Upanayana to other Varnas, 175; Vs. Shivaji, 175-78, 178-82; Their thesis: no Kshatriyas exist in Kaliyuga, 176; Alone can determine status of Hindu, 177, 184; Never accepted law of precedents, 179-83; Fifty thousand, receive Dakshina at Shivaji’s coronation, 179-80: Question Kshatriya status of Maharajas of Satara and Kolhapur, 182-84; Degraded Shudra community out of revenge against Shudra kings, 186-89; Enough provocation to, for conflict with Shudras, 189-90: Catalogue of privileges claimed by, 189-90: Challenged by (Shudra) Kshatriyas in their privileges, 190-92 Stories of their reconciliation with Shudras, 192-97 Stories to glorify, 197-98; Conscious of class interests in Rig Vedic times, 202 Brihaspati Dharma Shastra—Disabilities of Shudras under, 48 Brihaspati Smriti—Disabilities of Shudras under, 49 Buddha—And Buddhism, their inability to shake Chaturvarnya, 23 Buhler, Dr.—On Shudras’ eligibility to become Brahmins, 110 Chandala—A Pratiloma, 198; Rights inferior to other Pratilomas, 199; Manu’s laws against, 199; and reasons for their severity, 200 Chhandogya Upanishad—Explanation of origin of Vedas from deities, 33; Describes Rishi Janasruti, author of Rig Vedic Hymns as Shudra, 108 Chaturvarnya—Ideal of Indo Aryan Society, 23; Buddha’s ineffective challenge to, 23; Manu invests, with divinity, 24; Basis of, graded inequality, 26; A political jugglery, 31-33; Later development of, creation of fifth Varna and separtaion of Shudras from Traivamikas, 3536; One Aryan tribe believer in, the other non-believer in, 97; See also, 40-41,80, Varna, Aryan, Shudras, Manu

Chitrao Shastri— On list of Sudas’ opponent, 126 (footnote)

Chirstians— Emperors, their disabilities under Roman Law, 58-59 Sacraments and Brahmanic Samskaras, 171;

Crooke, Mr. Villiam—On Hinduisation of Gurjar tribes into Rajputs for representing Buddhism, 178-79 Das, Mr. A. C.—Identifies Dasas and Dasyus with Shudras of later times, 101 Dasas—And Dasyus, according to Western Scholars: (i) a dark race different from Aryans, (ii) conquered, enslaved and called Shudras by Aryans, 65; Paucity of references to, and Dasyus as enemies of Aryans in Rig Veda, 75; United with Aryans against common enemy, 75, conflict with Aryan’s, religious not racial, 75-76; And Dasyus terms not used in racial sense, 76-77; Their epithet ‘Krishnayoni’ connotes no racial distinction with Aryans, 77; Application of word ‘Varna’ to, in Rig Veda, 83; And Dasyus not distinct from Aryans in race and complexion, 85; And Dasyus as allies of one Aryan community and enemies of the other, 86-87; can be identified with Azi Dahaka of Zend Avesta, 104-05; A civilized people, 105-06; Cannot be identified with Shudras, 106; And Dasyus, their complete disappearance from Post-Vedic literature and absorption by Aryans, 106; Term, occurs five times in Rig Veda in sense of slave, 111 Dasharajna Yuddha—Account of, 124-26; A war between Shudras and non-Shudra Kshatriyas, 20203; See also Sudas. Dasyus— Conflict with Aryans religious not racial, 75-76; Correct interpretation of epithet ‘Mridhravak’ and ‘Anasa’, 76; Distinct from Aryans not by race but by religion, 103-04; Existence of, in all Varnas according to Mahabharata, 104; A contemptuous term used by Indo-Aryans to designate Indo-Iranians, 104; More powerful than Aryans, 105, See also Dasa and Aryan Dharma Sutras— Evidentiary value of their statements on Shudras, 107-08; Their prohibition of Upanayana, Vedic ceremonies and sacrifices and Soma drink to Shudras, 108-09; Evidence against their prohibitions from Brahmanic literature, 109-11 Divodasa—122-23, 128-29 Dongre, Rao Bahadur—Siddhanta Vijaya, 182 (footnote)

Egyptian—Cosmogony, 22; Classes in their society, 26 Encylopaedia of Religion And Ethics—22 Fausboll, Dr.—Story of Chyavana, 109 (footnote)

Foster, Prof. Michael—On hypothesis, 80 Gagabhat—officiating priest at Shivaji’s coronation, 176; Bought over by huge Dakshina, 179-80; His twists and turns, 181-82; His attempt to prove Kayasthas bastards, 182 Ganganath Jha—Purva Mimamsa, 172 (footnote)

Gautama Dharma Sutra— Disabilities of Shudra under, 47,49, 51-52, Enumeration of forty Samskaras from; 170 Geiger—Summary of his views on original home of Aryans, 71 Grant Maddison—Introduction of Aryan language in Europe, 99 (footnote)

Greeks—Class composition of their society compared with ‘Varna’ system, 26 Griffiths, Dr.—Perturbed over Tritsus being shown Non-Aryans, 129-30 Guha Dr.—On two racial stocks of Indian people and their distribution, 97-98 Harishchandra—141-44 Harivamsha—Explanation of origin of Vedas from eyes, tongue and head of God, 34; Explanation of origin of priests from limbs of God Hari, 34; Studious avoidance of feet as origin of any priest or Veda, 34-35; Story of Trishanku, 141-45; Story of Varna’s conflict with Brahmins, 151-52 Hearn, Mr. W.E.—On rule of establishing nobility among Aryans, 110 High Courts in India—Calcutta decision about Kayasthas of Bihar being Shudras, 162; Allahabad’s non-acceptance of validity of ‘ Calcutta decision, 163; Calcutta (1916 and 1926) decision about Bengal Kayasthas being Shudras, 163; Patna (1926) decision holding Bihar Kayasthas as Kshatriyas, 163-64; Madras (1924) decision holding Marathas as Shudras, 164; Bombay (1928) decision holding five and ninty-six families of Marathas as Kshatriyas, rest as Shudras, 164 : Madras (1927) holding Yadavas as Shudras, 164; Criteria adopted by, in determining Shudras and their relevance, 165; Failure to distinguish between de facto and de jure position of communities relating to Upanayana, 165-66; see also Privy Council India—Designed ‘Bharata Bhumi’ after Vedic and not Daushyanti Bharatas, 128-29 Indo-Aryans— See Manu, Aryan, Chaturvarnya, Atharva Veda, Aupamanyava, Dr. Bopp, Dasas, Dasyus, Dr. Guha, Purusha Sukta Indo-Iranians—Three classes in their Society, 26; Meaning of ‘Varna’ in their literature, 82-85; Identification of Azi Dahaka with Dasa, 104105, see also Dasyu Jabali, Satyakama—His story, and inferences from it, 175 Jaimini—Cites Badari’s contention of Shudra’s right to sacrifice, 108; Spiritual significance of Samskaras according to, 171; His rules in ‘Purva Mimamsa’ about property, sacrifice and Vedic mantras 170-71 Jayaswal, Dr.—Shudra as a minister, 112-13 (footnotes)

Jews—Existence of classes in society of, 28; Disabilities under Roman Law, 61; A people not race, 66 Justinian—Enfranchisement of slaves, 60 Kalikapurana—160 (footnote) Kalmashapada—145-46 Kane, Mr.—Identifies Dasas and Dasyus with Shudras of later time, 101; On demarcation line between Aryans and Shudras; see also 102, 156, 158-60, 167,168, 174,190, 201, 202 (footnote)

Kathaka Samhita—Disabilities of Shudras under, 42; Statements from, demarcating Shudra from Arya, 107 Katyayana Srauta Sutra—Commentary on, admits Shudra’s eligibility to perform Vedic rites, 109 Kaushitaki Brahmana—On enmity between Sudas and Vasistha spreading to descendants, 151 Kautilya—His reference to Shudras as Aryans in laws of slavery, 110-11

Kayastha—Status of, of Bengal and Bihar, 163-64; Status, challenged by Brahmins, 175-85; Reaction to challenge, 177 (see also footnote); Gagabhat’s attempt to prove them bastards, 181-82 Khnumu— The shaper in Egyptian cosmogony, 22 Kinkaid, Mr—On Maratha Sardars’ attitude to Shivaji’s status, 176 (footnote)

Kolhapur—Palace priest’s controversy over eligibility of Maharaja to Vedic rites, 183-84 Kritavirya—193-94 Kshatriyas—Origin, according to Purusha Sukta, 22; Are Dvijas, 24; Inferior to Brahmins and superior to other classes in status, 26,32; As Savarnas, Dwijas and Traivarnikas, 36; Though Traivarnikas, their rights against Shudras very negligible, 57; Mention of, nine times as separate Vama in Rig Veda, 133; Conflict with Brahmins, 140-55; Kings conflicting with Brahmins belonged to Shudra tribe and solar line, 155, 187-88; Genealogies of Kings, 190-91; Of solar line superior to Brahmins in prowess and learning, 191-92, Authors of Vedic Hymns, 191; Of Lunar line an imbecile people, 190-91; Stories of their reconciliaton with Brahmins, 192-97; Enmity between Shudra and non-Shudra, 202-03 Kurtakoti—184 (footnote)

Lassen—His identification of Shudras with Sodari tribe, 103 Law, Dr. B. C—103 (footnote)

Mahabharata—Ideology relating to creation, 92-93, On existence of Dasyus in all Varnas, 104; Shudra invited at coronation of Yudhishthira, 112; On ministers of four Varnas, 112; Collation of stanza referring to Paijavana, 114, 116-17; Nature of its manuscripts and recensions, 115; Results of scrutiny of texts of the stanza, 11718; Story of Kalmashapada, 145-46 and 195-96; Pururavas’ conflict with Brahmins, 152; Bharatas reconciliation with Vasishtha 192; Conflict and reconciliation of Kritavirya with Bhrigus, 193-94, 194-95 with Parshurama, 194-95; Saudasas’ reconciliation with Vasishtha and Brahmins, 196-97; Its statement about Paijavana record of true tradition, 205 Maharashtra Dnyana Kosha— Meaning of Varna, 82 (footnote); Identification of Dasa with Azi Dahaka, 105 (footnote), Appendices I-VI, 210-16 Maitrayani Samhita—Disabilites of Shudras, under, 42; Reference to Shudra’s wealthiness, 112 Manu—On divine origin of four varnas 24-25; On disabilities of Shudras, 43-44,45-55; On Shudras’ eligibility to Brahmindom, 109-10; His injunctions to Brahmins against Shudra Kings, 112; On conflicts between Kings and Brahmins, 15455; Laws against Chandala, 199 Manu—The progenitor of Indo-Aryans, 29 Matsya Purana—On Manu the progenitor of Aryans, 29; List of Kshatriya, authors of Rig Vedic hymns, 191 Mediterranean Race—Traits of, 6768; Facts about, 98 Muir, Dr.—His failure to realize conflicts between Brahmins and Kshatriyas as one between Brahmins and Shudras, 155; see also 30-31, 33-34, 38-41, 56, 87, 88-98, 102, 131, 133-35, 141-42, 145, 14749, 151-54, 187, 190,96 (footnote)

Max Muller, Prof.—On disappointing nature of Brahmanas as literary productions, 41; On meaning of Arya, 69-70; His insistence on restriction of term Aryan to Philology, 195-96; His interpretation of term ‘Anasa’, 76-77; On Brahmanic etymologies, 102-03,108 Nahusha—152-54, 191, (footnote), 192 Nimi—154, 192 Nishada—An Anuloma, 198; His ineligibility to Upanayana, 198; an arbitrary exception and why, 198 Old Testament—Genesis, 22; Comparison of Genesis with Purusha Sukta, 28 Oldenberg, Prof—Absence of Gotra name in description of famous men, 202 (footnote), 206 Padma Purana—161 Pagans—Disabilities under Roman Law, 59-60 Palashes—Status challenged by Brahmins, 175, 184 Panchavimsa Brahmana—Disabilities of Shudras under, 42; On Shudra’s wealthiness, 112 Papacy—Its forgeries, 137 Patitasavitrika—167 Peshwas—Discontinued Rajya-bhisheka era, 182; Directed Upanayana of Shahu II to be performed by Pauranic rites, 182-83, Pingle, Moropant—Opposed to Shivaji’s coronation, 176; Huge presents to, at coronation, 180 Plato—On class distinction, an ideal social structure, 26 Pratapsinha II—Challenge to his Kshatriya status by Brahmins, 183 Pratiloma—Who are, 199 (footnote);

Uneven distribution of stigma on, 200; see Chandala Premi Nathurama—161 Privy Council—Decision on existence of Kshatriyas in modern times, 162 Pururavas—152, 191 (footnote), 192 Purus—128 Purushartha—Magazine, 169 (footnote)

Purusha Sukta—Text of, 21-22; As Indo-Aryan cosmogony, as explanation of origin of, and as mandatory injunction prescribing four Varnas, 22-23; Its influence on Indo-Aryan Society, 23; Examination of its claim to uniqueness’ and ‘extraordinariness’, 25-27; Explanation of origin of classes—its difference with other cosmogonies, 28; Contradicts secular theory of Rig Veda of origin of society, 28-29; Its preference for communalism than nationalism, 31; Its political jugglery in making Chaturvarnya a sacred institution, 31-33; Its equation of classes with limbs of Purusha, deliberate and malicious, 33-35; A later interpolation, 132-37, 138-39 a forgery by Brahmins, 137 Race—Jews, an illustration of people mistaken for, 66; A body of people possessing certain typical hereditary traits, 66-67; Traits constituting a, old and modern views, 6768; Cephalic Index and Facial Index, 67; Application of anthropometrical method to European Races, a Table, 68 and 71-72; Is there an Aryan—, 70; Mediterranean, 98; Alpine, 98 Ramayana—Ideology relating to creation, 94-95; Story of Trishanku, 149-50; See footnote 29 Ranade, Prof.—Theory of Synchronous Composition of Vedic Literature, 138 Rig Veda—Purusha Sukta, 21-22;

Another cosmogony besides

Purusha Sukta, 27; Comparison of its two cosmogonies, 27; Its secular theory of origin of classes, 28-29; Consciousness of division of labour, 30; On five tribes of Indo-Aryan nation, 30-31; Does not use term Arya in racial sense, 70; On united front of Aryans and Dasas against common enemy, 75; Description of Dasyus as people belonging in cult different from that of Aryans, 7576; Occurrence of terms ‘Anasa’, ‘Mridha vak’ and ‘Krishna Yoni’, 76-77; On absence of racial distinction between Aryans, Dasas and Dasyus, 77; On absence of colour prejudice amongst Aryans, 81-82; Occurrence of word ‘Varnas’ in, 8283; Supports existence of, two opposing Aryan communities, 8687; One of the two Vedas, 87; Description of Dasa in, 105-06; Dasharajna Yuddha, 124-27; Praise of Sudas’ philanthropy, 127; Tribes in and Sudas’ relation to them, 128; On enmity between Bharatas and Tritsus, 192; Reasons for absence of word ‘Shudra’ in its description of Paijavana, 205 Ripley, Prof. W. E.—On difference between a race and a people, 66; His table of European Racial Types, 68; Disproves theory of Caucasia as cradle of Aryan race, 71-72; On dark complexion of earliest Europeans, 81; 98 (footnotes) Risley, Sir Herbert—On anthropometrical survey finds people of India mixture of four races, 97 Romans—Classes in their society, 26; Need for comparison of Brahmanic Laws with theirs, 59-60; Classes and persons under their Law, 60; Basis for rights and disabilities; Caput and Existimatio, 59-61; Was their Law regulated by communal considerations? 61-63; Their removal of social and political disabilities of Plebians, 61-63; Difference with Brahmanic Law on Equality of Law in Criminal matters and extinction of disabilities, 63-64 Roy, Mr.—On authenticity of his Mahabharata text, 114-15 Sadgurushishya—Reasons for Sudas’ cruelty to Sakti according to, 150 Sakti— Vide Sadgurushishya and Satyayana Brahmana Sama Veda—A different form of Rig Veda, 87 Samskara Ganapati—Its acceptance of Shudra’s eligibility for Upanayana, 169 Samskaras—Names of forty, 170; Jaimini, view on necessity of, 17172; In narrower sense only sixteen, 171; Spiritual in significance in earlier times, 171; And Christian Sacraments, 171 Sardesai Rao Bahadur, G. S.—On Peshwa’s discontinuation of Rajyabhisheka era, 182 (footnote) Sarup, Laxman—Edition of Nighantu and Nirukta, 118 (footnote) Satapatha Brahmana—Explanation of four Varnas, 39-40; disabilities of Shudras under, 42; ideolology relating to creation, 88-89; Discrimination in mode of address to different Varnas at sacrifices, 131, 207; Explanation of creation of three Varnas only, 128; On strength of Turvasa Tribe, 202 Satyayana Brahmana—Story of Sudas’ atrocity on Sakti, 150 Savarnas—De jure connotation of, 36; Who are, 36 Sayanacharya—His interpretation of term ‘Anasa’, 77; List of Kingsauthors of Rig Veda hymns, 126, 126 (footnote)

Senart, Prof—On social organization of Vedic times 130-31

Shahu Maharaja—Controversy with palace priests and Sankarachrya regarding eligibility of Vedic rites, 183-84 Shankaracharya, Karvir—His refusal to recognize Kayasthas as Kshatriyas: 183; Vs. Royal House of Kolhapur on eligibility to Vedic rites, 182-84 Shivaji— Vs. Brahmins, 175; Coronation by Vedic rites dependent on acceptance of Kshatriya Status by Brahmins, 175; and on their performance of his Upanayana, 176; Regarded by Brahmin Ministers and Maratha Sardars as Shudra, 176 (and footnote), 181; King at mercy of Brahmins, 177; His two coronations, 176-77 (footnote); Genealogy connecting him to Sisodiya Rajputs, 177-78, 181-82; Money paid to Brahmins at coronation, 180; His descendants vs. Brahmins, 182-84; Peshwas discontinue his Rajyabhisheka era, 182 Shrinivasa Iyengar, Mr. P. T.—On rare occurence of word ‘Arya’ in Rig Veda; a proof against theory of Invasion of India by Aryans, 74; Reference to 75 (footnote); on Civilization of Dasyus, 105 Shudras—Riddle of, 21, 35 : Genesis of, according to Purusha Sukta, 22, 23; Position of, according to Apastambha Dharma Sutra, 23-24, Vasishtha Dharma Sutra, 24; and Manusmriti, 24; Their status, 26,32 and 33; Was their inclusion implied in Rig Veda reference to five tribes. 31; are savarnas but not Dvijas and Traivarnikas, 36; Disabilities and penalties under Samhitas, Brahmanas, Sutras, Smritis, 42-57: Gist of penal legislations against, 55-56; Comparison between privileges of Brahmins and—, 56-57; Inequality and permanence of disabilities, 63-64; Derivation of word, in Vayu Purana and Vedant Sutra, 103; Proper name of a tribe, 103; Lassen’s identification of, with Sodari tribe defeated by Alexander, 103; Associates of Abhirs according to Patanjali, 103; A separate tribe according to Brahma, Markendeya and Vishnu Puranas, 103; Vedas silent on, and later literature full of, 106; Basis of arguments that, were non-Aryans, 107, and, Aryans, 107-08; Statements showing basis of equality with Brahmins, 107-08, and eligibility to become Brahmins, 109-11; Aryan by birth according to Kautilya, 110-11; not slaves, 111; Participation in Coronation of kings during Brahmanic period. 111; Members of political assemblies, 112; As Kings and Ministers, 112, and 206; Their Wealthiness 112; and 207; Questions on assumption of their enslavement, 113; Were Aryans of Kshatriya class, 114, 131, 139; Significance of term—clan, phratry or tribe?, 130; Conflict with Brahmins, 140-55; not mentioned as separate Varna in Rig Veda, 139; Degradation to fourth Varna due to conflict with Brahmins, 140-203; Right to Upanayana, 166-70; Denial of Upanayana to, results; loss of property and knowledge, 170-72; Brahmins’ power for degrading, 173-74, 208; Shivaji a, 176; Kings of tribe of, 186-89; Stories of their reconciliation with, 192-200; Growth of laws against, disproves reconciliation with Brahmins, 198: Treatment ordained to Nishadas and Chandalas, 198-99; Did they suffer denial of Upanayana silently, 199-200; Name of single people in Indo-Aryan

Society, 201, Epithet of uncultured class of people in Hindu Society, 201-02; Of Indo-Aryan Society different from those of Hindu Society, 201-02; ‘Nirvasit, ‘Anirvasit’, ‘Sacchudra’ and ‘Asacchudra’, 201; Of Indo-Aryan Society a tribe of few thousands, 201-02; Their inability to break common front of Brahmins and denial of Upanayana, 202-03; Ten riddles of, 207-09 Sisodiya Rajputs—Are they Kshatriyas of Indo-Aryan Community? 178-80 Smith, Vincent—On Hinduisation of Gurjars into Rajputs, 178 Social Organisation—According to Purusha Sukta, 25-26, 31-32; Of primitive Society, 129-30, 187; Of Vedic Aryans, 130-31 Sudas Paijavana—Description in Mahabharata : A Shudra Paijavana, 114,117-18, 205; Yaska’s interpretation of, 118-19; Family particulars of, in Rig Veda, 119, 122-24; Two in Vishnu Purana, 119; (i) Descendant of Sagar a, and his genealogy, 119; (ii) Descendant of Puru and his genealogy, 120; Tabular results of genealogists of three, 121-22; Rig Vedic different from Puranic, 121-22; Paijavana in Mahabharata is Rig vedic, 121-22; Agreement of Prof. Weber with the view, 122; Hero of Dasharajna Yuddha, 124; Author of Rigvedic hymns, 126; Performed Ashwamedha sacrifice, 126; Known for charity, 127. Belonged to Bharata, Puru or Tritsu tribe, 12829; Removal of Vasishtha and appointment of Vishwamitra as chief priest, 150; Conflict with Vasishtha, 150-51, 196, Story of reconciliation of his descendants with Brahmins, 196-97; Being most famous man not described by name of community in Rig Veda, 205-06 Sukthanker, Dr.—On authenticity of Roy’s Text of Mahabharata, 115; Memorial Vol. 1, 115, 116 (footnote) Taittiriya Aranyaka—Ideology relating to creation, 91-92 Taittiriya Brahmana—Explanation of origin of Shudras, 40, Ideology relating to creation, 90-91; Describes creation of Three Varnas only, 133, 206 Taittiriya Samhita—Explanations of origin of four Varnas, 38-39; Ideology relating to creation, 87; On conflict between Vasishtha and Saudasas, 151 Taylor, Prof. Isac—His summary of Benfy’s views on original home of Aryans, 71 Thakare, Mr. K. S.—On twists and turns of Gagabhat and change of front of Moropant Pingle, 182, (footnote); On Performance of Kayastha’s ceremonies by Kayasthas, 184 (footnote) Thesis of the Book—Summary of, 204; Strength of its evidence, 205-06; Validity of, 206; Solves ten riddles of Shudras, 207-08 Tilak, Mr. B. G.— On characteristics of Polar and Circum-polar regions, 72-74; On correspondence of the characteristics with myths and legends in Vedas; 73-74, His inference : Arctic, the Home of Aryans, 73-74; Shortcomings of his theory, 74; On origin of Yajnopavita, 15960; Shortcomings of his explanation, 160-61 Traivarnika—Who are, 35-36; Absence of Uniformity of rights among; 57 Trishanku—140-41, 149-50 Tritsus—130 Triveda, Prof. D. S.—On proof against theory of Aryan invasion of India, 75 Turvasas-31

Untouchables—Are Atishudras, Avarnas and Advijas, 36 Upanayana—Who have right to, 15658; Purpose of : initiation to study of Vedas, 158; Articles essential for, 158; Yajnopavita essential for modern ceremony of, 158; Merger with ceremony of wearing Yajnopavita 161; Danger of, without Yajnopavita, 161; True meaning of, 161; Test of Shudradom absence of, 161, 165-66; Had Shudras a right to, 165-66, 169-70; Dead, dumb, blind, ‘Anuloma’, 166, Those crossing age-limit 167, their Sons and Vratyas 167-68, eligible to—; Universal among Indo-Iranians, 169; Closed to women owing to child marriage 169; Open to Shudras according to Samskara Ganpati, 169, 206; Absence of reasons for withholding from Shudras, 169-70; First spiritual in significance, 171; Acquisition of social significance after denial to Shudras, 171; Confers right to property and knowledge, 172; Performance of, assigned to Acharya, 173; Shivaji’s right to, 175-77 Vaidya, Mr. C. V.—His extract from Bhagavat Purana on Bharata Bhumi, 173-74; On second coronation of Shivaji, 176-77 (footnote); On money spent at Shivaji’s coronation on Dakshina to Brahmins, 180; See also, 178-79 (footnote) Vaishampayana—Origin of classes of priests, 34-35 Vaishyas—Origin of, according to Purusha Sukta, 22; Are twice born (Dvijas) 24; Superior only to Shudras in status, 26, 32-33; As Savarnas, Dvijas, Traivarnikas, 36; Oppressed class in Indo-Aryan Society, 56; Fury against them directed later on towards Shudras, 56; Though a Traivarnika, their rights against Shudras very negligible, 56-57 Vajasaneyi Samhita—Two theories of origin of classes (Varnas) 38-39; Statements demarcating Shudra from Arya, 107; Statement showing basis of equality between Brahmins and Shudras, 107-08; Pours scorn on Shudras, 108 Varna—In sense of colour mainstay of Aryan Race theory, 81; Occurrence of terms in Rig Veda and its connotations, 82-83; Occurrence of term, in Zend Avesta connoting ‘a class holding particular faith’, 83-85; System with three Varnas in Rig Veda, 132-33, 139 See also Purusha Sukta and Chaturvarnya Vasishtha—His conflict with Vishwamitra, 140-55; Stories of his reconciliation with Bharatas, Kalmashapada and Saudasas, 19293, 195-96 See also Sudas and Vishwamitra Vasishtha Dharma Sutra—Its support to Purusha Sukta, 24; Disabilities of Shudras under, 43-45, 52 Vayu Purana—102-03 Vedic Literature—Origin of, and Brahmanic view, 33-35, Max Muller’s order to growth of 138 : Professors Ranade and Belavalkar’s theory of synchronous composition of, 138 ; See also Rig Veda, Atharva Veda, Yajur Veda and Veda.

Vena—151-52 Vishnu Purana—Manu, the Progenitor of the Indo-Aryans, 29; Explanation of origin of Vedas from different mouths of Brahma, 34; Ideology relating to creation, 95-97; Genealogy of two Sudas and Table 96-97; Story of Harishchandra, 141-45; On Nimi’s conflict with Brahmins, 154

Vishnu Smriti—Disabilities of Shudras under, 44, 46, 49, 52 Vishwamitra—His conflict with Vasishtha, 140-41; His part in episodes of Trishanku, 141; Harishchandra, 141-45; Ambarisha, 145, and Kalmashapada, 145-46; Wants to murder Vasishtha, 147-48; Biographical particulars about, 148; Feud with Vasishtha on points of privileges, in story of Trishanku, 149-50; Dishonour to, avenged by Sudas, 150-51 Vratya—39; Who were they, 168-69; Stoma, 168; Shuddhisangraha’s provision for purification of, 168 Vyavahara Mayukha—Kalipurana quotation of rule of adoption, 160 (footnote); 174 (footnote) Weber, Prof.—Traces Sudas in Mahabharata to Sudas in Rig Veda, 122; On Shudras, an Aryan tribe immigrating into India before others, 131 Western Writers—Theory about origin of Shudras from Dasas and Dasyus according to, 65-66; Basis of their theory—inference drawn from Bopp’s theory, of common ancestry of languages, 78, Inferences : (i) common habitat and social stock of Aryans, 78-79; (ii) Conquest of India by Aryans, 79 (iii) Subjugation of Dasas, 79; (iv) Practice of colour distinction by Aryans in Varna system, 79-80; Reasons for failure of their theory, 78-79; Scrutiny of their theory, 79-85; Conflict of their theory with Rig Veda, 99-100; Its shortcomings, 100 Wilson, Dr.—Extract from his translation of Rig Veda, 27 (footnote), 11920 Yajnopavita—Importance of, 158; Rules about manufacture and use of, 158-59; Mr. Tilak on its origin, 159-60; Real object of, to tie one to particular ‘Gotra’ 160-61; Once Brahmins alone wore, 161; Merger with Upanayana, 161 Yajnavalkya—On Yajnopavita, 158 Yajurveda—Its two recensions, 37; Ashwamedha Yajna, 74; A different form of Rig Veda, 86 Yaska—On five tribes of Indo-Aryan nation, 30; On meaning of Paijavana 118 Zend Avesta—Occurrence of word Varna in, in sense of ‘a class holding a particular faith’, 82-85; Azi Dahaka in, 104-05 zz

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